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Micro/Immuno Part 2 > RNA Virus 2 > Flashcards

RNA Virus 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rotavirus

A
  • reovirus
  • dsRNA
  • segmented
  • naked icosahedron (round)
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2
Q

Influenza Virus

A
  • orthomyxovirus
  • neg ss RNA
  • segmented
  • enveloped
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3
Q

HIV

A
  • retrovirus
    • ssRNA, 2 copies
  • enveloped
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4
Q

rotavirus disease

A
  • causes severe gastroenteritis
  • profuse watery diarrhea
  • dehydration
  • maladsorption
  • affects infants and children (adults are usually asymptomatic)
  • > 60,000 deaths annually, mostly in developing world
  • peak incidence during winter
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5
Q

Rotavirus life cycle

A
  • genome is segmented, one gene each (dsRNA)
  • enters by endocytosis
  • escapes from early endosome by acidification
  • RDRP in the virion first transcribes mRNA
  • after viral proteins are translated, new virions and genome segments are synthesized in the cytoplasm
  • virions assemble and then bud into the rough ER (displace membrane they get there)
  • egress via exocytosis (membrane vesicles carry virions out) or by cell lysis
  • virions mature in gut lumen, then infect more enterocytes or are shed in profuse diarrhea
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6
Q

rotavirus diagnosis, treatment, prevention

A
  • diagnosis not required in most cases
  • trt-oral rehydration solutions
  • prevention- live attenuated vaccine-rotarix (1) and rotareq (5)
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7
Q

influenza virus disease

A
  • acute respiratory illness, mainly during the winter
  • uncomplicated-upper/lower resp tract involvement, fever, headache, myalgia, weakness
  • complicated-primary pneumonia caused by flus
  • secondary bacteria pneumonia
  • mixed viral and bacteria pneumonia
  • muscle involvement, myositis, rhabdomyelitis (breakdown)
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8
Q

symptoms of flu

A
  • central-headache
  • nasopharynx-runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, aches
  • resp-coughing
  • gastric-vomiting
  • joints-aches
  • muscular-extreme tiredness
  • systemic-fever
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9
Q

Influenza life cycle

A
  • genome is segmented, neg ss RNA
  • binds via hemagglutin and fuses to endosome, pH change releases genes
  • genome segments traffic to the nucleus for transcription and replication by RDRP
  • viral proteins and genome segments accumulate at the PM
  • virions assemble and egress by budding
  • neuraminidase releases virions from sialic acid on cell surface
  • shed in resp droplets
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10
Q

flu treatment and prevention

A
  • antiviral drugs-tamiflu (A and B)- stops release from PM, Relenza (A and B), Amantadine and Rimantadine-A
  • vaccines-fluzone and trivalent inactivated, flu mist
  • giving H1N1, H3N2 and B this year
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11
Q

antigenic shift

A

-genetic shuffling makes new versions of A subtype from other subtypes

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12
Q

antigentic drift

A

random mutation- makes new strains from the new A subtype

-can stay for about 10 years

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13
Q

acute HIV infection

A
  • systemic-fever, WEIGHTLOSS
  • central-MALAISE, NEUROPATHY, headache
  • lymph-LYMPHADENOPATHY
  • skin-RASH
  • gastric-vomiting, nausea
  • liver and spleen-ENLARGEMENT
  • muscles-myalgia
  • esophagus-sores
  • pharyngitis-SORES, THRUSH
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14
Q

stages of HIV disease

A
  1. exposure to virus
  2. primary HIV infection (acute phase)
  3. seroconversion
  4. latent period
  5. early symptomatic HIV infection
  6. AIDS- CD4 < 200
  7. Advanced HIV infection- CD4 < 50
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15
Q

HIV cell tropism

A
  • only humans can be infected
  • virus binds to CD4 and chemokine receptors (CCR5) on T cells and macrophages
  • depletion of these cells and chronic immune activation cause immunodeficiency
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16
Q

HIV R5

A

-CCR5

17
Q

HIV R5X4

A

-CCR5 and CXCR4

18
Q

HIV load and CD4 T cells

A
  • initial-most HIV and least T cells
  • then T cells recover slightly, HIV drops a little
  • then HIV gradually increases while T cells gradually decrease
  • as T cells decrease, opportunistic infections increase
19
Q

AIDS and loss of T cells

A
  • bacterial skin infections, shingles, thrush, athletes foot, oral hairy leukoplakia, TB
  • then AIDS defining
20
Q

top 10 AIDS defining infections

A
  1. pneumocytis cariniii pneumonia
  2. esophageal candidiasis
  3. wasting
  4. Kaposi’s sarcoma
  5. disseminated M avium infection
  6. TB
  7. Cytomegalovirus disease
  8. HIV associated dementia
  9. recurrent bacterial pneumonia
  10. toxoplasmosis
21
Q

main symptoms of AIDS

A
  • neuro-encephalitis/meningitis
  • eyes-retinitis
  • lungs-pneumocystis pneumonia, TB, tumors
  • skin-tumors
  • GI-esophagitis, chronic diarrhea, tumors
22
Q

HIV life cycle

A
  • virion fuses with CD4 and CCR5
  • fuses with PM- brings in protease, integrase and RT-can hang out there until T cell divides and many nts around
  • the RT converts the + ss RNA into dsDNA (hypermutation here)
  • the dsDNA genomes integrate into the host chromosome for life
  • host RNA pol II transcribes mRNA from the integrated genome, which also serves as the genome that is packaged into the new virions (because its + ss)
  • viral proteins and 2 genomes bud from PM
  • virion maturation occurs outside the cell when the viral protease cleaves the capsid proteins, forming the final trapezoidal step
23
Q

HIV diagnosis and prevention

A
  • diagnosis-serologic assays for antibodies
  • nucleic acid assays for viral load
  • CD4 cell count
  • prevention- risk avoidance
  • community awareness
  • public health measures
  • antiviral drugs-chemoprophylaxis
24
Q

HIV treatment

A
  • ART
  • must be combined to avoid resistance
  • new formulations reduce pills and doses increase compliance
25
Q

types of HIV drugsq

A
  • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
  • non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs)
  • Protease inhibitors (PI)
  • integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)
  • CCR5 agaonists
26
Q

goals of HIV treatment

A
  • durable suppression of HIV viral load
  • restoration of immune function
  • prevention of transmission
  • prevention of drug resistance
  • improvement of QOL
27
Q

vaccine?

A
  • more is known about HIV than any other virus, but vaccine remains elusive
  • what should it accomplish-sterilizing immunity? no progression to AIDS? no transmission?

Micro/Immuno Part 2 (17 decks)

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