Romanesque Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
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means “in the Roman style” or “Roman-like”
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Romanesque
2
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it took its name from its Roman origin and it owed something from the Byzantine art
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Romanesque
3
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it was a style greatly inspired by Christianity
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Romanesque
4
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originated in Western Europe (Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal and the British Isles) and in North Europe, The Scandinavian kingdoms
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Romanesque Style
5
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5 Materials used in the romanesque architecture geologically
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- terra-cotta
- bricks
- concrete
- marble
- stones
6
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part of Europe where it has large windows to admit light and high-pitched roofs to throw off snow (Climatic Influence)
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North (dull climate)
7
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part of Europe where small openings to exclude dazzling sunshine (climatic influence)
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South (sunny)
8
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the establishment of feudal systems and attacks from invaders led to the building of fortified castles (Influence)
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Social
9
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is a religion that is the chief source of education and culture
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Christianity
10
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where they put their material expression
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Magnificent Cathedral Churches and Monastic buildings
11
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the name of romanesque architecture because of priests and students in the monastery planned the village
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sacred science
12
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have as the same length as the transcept
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greek cross
13
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to protect the religion of christianity; military soldiers
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crusades
14
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the so-called “Red Cross” now
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Knights Hospitaller
15
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hard to penetrate by the enemy that’s why it’s placed at the middle
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don jon
16
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all castles are located or situated on a high mountain
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don jon
17
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makes the foundation strong
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rampart
18
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reason why they doesn’t bathe much and that’s why bath is not important in a castle
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Cold weather/water
19
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made of granite stone
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krak des chevaliers, syria
20
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it is the combination of the roman and byzantine architecture
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romanesque
21
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is characterized by the desire to articulate, to stress every structural division in order to produce unified compositions
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Romanesque Architecture
22
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latin cross with transcept. altar at east end, in the direction of jerusalem. main entrance from west
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plans of romanesque architecture
23
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on the lower floor or beneath the altar as a house of the relics of a saint
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crypt
24
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separate the congregation from the clergy
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screen or parapet
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located above the aisle above the gallery
triforium
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located above the gallery
clerestory windows
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vault for a square bay
quadripartite
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vault for an oblong bay
sexpartite
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pitched roofs in romanesque has _____
gables
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located above the crossing of the nave and transcept
tower
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located on the west entrance of a romanesque architecture
two towers
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are round, square or octagonal roofs
towers with steep roofs
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were used when the crossing of the nave and transcept was crowned by an octagonal tower
squinch arches
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has corbels of projecting blocks of stones
wall feature
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a row of corbels
corbel table
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it has pilaster strips with arched moldings
wall feature
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6 corbel table details
1. pelican
2. human head
3. humanoid lion
4. bear
5. mustachioed head
6. ibex
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shape of the arch for window and door openings
round
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doors are deeply recessed and flanked by a series of receding columns and arches known as ____
orders
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located above the door and is filled with sculptures
tympanum
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located above the principal door
rose or a wheel window
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are narrow and small and made to look larger by the columns, arches and moulding which surround them
windows
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are massive and cylindrical; has cushion capital
column feature
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are elaborately carved
mouldings
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feature of romanesque architecture which are animal and plant forms
ornaments
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3 romanesque ornaments
1. stained glass
2. mosaic
3. fresco painting
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3 predominant building types:
1. church
2. monastery
3. monastic village
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group of buildings designed for all the occupations of the monks
monastic village
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has chapter house, sacristy, dormitory, reflectory, kitchen
cloister court
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has infirmary, guest house, kitchen, servants hall, library and scriptorium for writing
inner court
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has granaries, bake houses, stables, store rooms, abbot's lodging and barn
common court
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a distinctive characteristic of church planning in Romanesque architecture
the three-apse plan of trefoil form
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4 gables forming a pyramidal roof with 4 diamond-shaped sides meeting at the apex
helm roof
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A romanesque architectural character that are reliefs in the walls
pilaster strips
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bricks used externally as an architectural feature
coloured bricks
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keeps the coffins of 4 kings and 4 emperors
the crypt of the magnificent Speyer Cathedral, Germany
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remains the largest Romanesque church in germany. It is a major monument of Romanesque art and was added in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1981
The Speyer Cathedral
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a cathedral in germany that has interior fresco and red sandstone walls
Speyer Cathedral
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cathedral that has apses at both ends and has 4 round towers and interior is built in red sandstone
worms cathedral
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represents the high point of Romanesque cathedral architecture in Germany
Mainz Cathedral
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was built by Emperor Charlemagne as his tomb. It was the coronation church of the Holy Roman Emperors. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1978
Aix-La-Chapelle
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Constantine began its construction to celebrate the 20th anniversary of his reign
Trier Cathedral
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the most important relic placed in a small chapel inside the Trier cathedral
the Holy Robe of Christ
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is the oldest in the country and listed in the UNESCO World heritage list in 1986
trier cathedral
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is one of a series of 'trefoil' churches in the city. The towers are crowned with the helm roof
church of the apostles, keln
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was constructed of the late romanesque period
church of the apostles
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with a three-apse plan, is the largest of the 12 romanesque churches in cologne
Saint Maria in the Capitol
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the architecture of its eastern end forms a trefoil plan. its soaring tower is a landmark of cologne's old town
st. martin's church, koln, germany
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is probably the earliest instance of a church with an apse at both ends
gernrode abbey (st. cyriakus)
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is a benedictine church built of local lava. the exterior is a fine grouping of 6 towers, double transepts and east and west apses
maria laach abbey
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is one of the most accomplished buildings of the late romanesque
limburg cathedral
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according to the medieval legend, the name patron of this cathedral was a roman officer, who died along with 318 legionaries for his faith
st. gereon, cologne
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is the youngest romanesque church in koln
st. kunibert
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was a ring and bailey castle built in early Norman by William the Conqueror
Corfe castle, dorset
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William the conqueror rebuilt the fortification with Purbeck stone to ensure its durability for use as a royal fortress
Corfe caste, dorset
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considered the finest limestone in England
Purbeck stone
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It was served by the surrounding community in return for the use of homes and land as well as shelter in the castle in times of trouble
Corfe caste, dorset
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was built in the 2nd half of the 19th century by the 3rd earl of limerick and designed by Edward William Goodwin
Dromore castle, limerick, Ireland
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The well-preserved keep, is “one of the most remarkable keeps in England”, is of a unique design and probably based on Byzantine architecture
Orford castle, Suffolk, England
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The keep became less magnificent as the strength of the outer defenses was increased
Tower of London
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is the largest inhabited castle in the world with a staff of 500. It is also the oldest in continuous occupation and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. The castle’s floor area is about 45,000 sqm.
Windsor castle
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It is notable for its long association with the British royal family.
Windsor castle
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is the best surviving example of a coastal Crusader castle
Chateau De Mer, Sidon, Lebanon
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was built by the Templars with the help of the Teptonic Knights and the pilgrims from whom it derived its name
It stands upon a peninsula commanding the approach to one of the principal passes. It was the only castle never taken by siege
Chastel Pelerin (Pilgrims’ Castle), Attic
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3 Types of Castles
1. Pilgrim Forts
2. Coastal fortification
3. Strategic inland castles
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sited to secure the routes from coastal ports to Jerusalem. It has a thin curtain wall with rectangular corner towers, a large fosse or ditch and an outer earth rampart
Pilgrim Forts
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protect the coast roads, safeguard mountain passes and provide visual command of the approach routes
Strategic inland castles
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coastal ports were fortified to secure the sea links
Coastal fortification
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Its most magnificent feature is the 28m deep ditch
Saone castle (Sahyoun or Salah Ed-Din), Syria
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guards a pass through the Lebanon mountains
The Beaufort, Lebanon
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is a defensive earthen bank surrounding a castle
Rampart
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are upstanding parts of an embattled parapet between 2 crenels. The crenels allow the firing of arrows
The merlons
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is the courtyard-like area of ground enclosed by a stone wall where the domestic buildings of the castle were
Bailey or ward
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are deterrent to mining and to deflect missiles.
Towers
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is a deep and wide trench filled with water around the rampart of a fortified castle
Moat
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14 Castle features
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1 Moat
2 Towers
3 Bailey or ward
4 The merlons
5 Rampart
6 Garderobe
7 Motte
8 Crenellations
9 Machicolations
10 Drawbridge
11 gatehouse
12 Talus/Glacis
13 Curtain walls
14 Keep of donjon
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contained a series of defenses to make a direct assault more difficult than battering down a simpler gate
gatehouse
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are the enclosing defensive walls of a castle
Curtain walls
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caste waste outflow
Garderobe
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The most remarkable feature of the inner castle is the colossal glacis or talus
Krak Des Chevaliers, Syria
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was made famous by the Crusaders and is more imposing than beautiful
Kerak Castle, Moab, Jordan
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was the biggest of all the Crusaders’ castles
Margat (Qafaat al-Marqab) Castle, Lebanon, by the Knights Hospitaller
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is the inner tower for refuge during a siege
Keep of donjon
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is a bold sloping thickness at the foot of walls to protect them from undermining
Talus/Glacis
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is a wooden bridge leading to a gateway, capable of being raised or lowered to either accommodate or prevent entry into the castle
Drawbridge
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earthen conical mound of a castle
Motte
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are projecting parapets allowing floor openings, through which molten lead, boiling oil or stones are dropped down below
Machicolations (murder holes)
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was originally built by William the Conqueror
Windsor Castle
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is a historic monument in the center of London England on the north bank of the river Thames
The tower of London
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is dominated by the huge square white tower, which was started by the invading Norman king, William the Conqueror
The tower of London
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battlements) at the top of curtain walls
Crenellations
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was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller. It is the best preserved medieval military castle in the world and the most wholly admirable castle in the world.
Krak Des Chevaliers, Syria (also known as the Krak of the Knights)
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Together with Buckingham palace in London and Holyrood palace in Edinburgh, it is one of the 3 principal official residences of the British monarch Queen Elizabeth II spends many weekends in the year at the castle using it for both state and private entertaining
windsor castle
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2 Principal military orders
1. Knights Templar
| 2. Knights Hospitaller
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were founded in 1119 to protect the holy places in palastine and to safeguarf the pilgrim routes to jerusalem
Knights Templar (“poor fellow-soldiers of Christ and of the temple of solomon”)
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They were the oldest of the western christitan military orders having existed for nearly two centuries during the middle ages
Knights Templar
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were a group of men attached to a hospital in Jerusalem that was founded by blessed Gerard aound 1023 out of which two major orders of chivalry evolved, the order of st. john and the order of st. lazarus
Knights hospitaller
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were among the most famous and the most skilled fighting units of the crusades.
The Knights Templar
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built fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land
Non-combatant members of the order
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1. was founded during the late 11th century under Augustinian rule to protect and care for sick or injured pilgrims to the Holy land.
Knights Hospitaller (“Knights if the order of saint john of Jerusalem”)
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were private strongholds for king or lord and were an outcome of the feudal system. Of some fifteen hundred castles in England, more than twelve hundred were founded during the 11th and 12th centuries.
Castles
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became more important as residences and statements of power
Castles
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geographical origin of romanesque
western europe (italy, germany, france, spain, and portugal and the british isles)
northern europe (the scandinavian kingdoms)
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facade has ornamental wall passages which rose one above the other sometimes even into the gables
central italy
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flat facade with projecting porch
north italy
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materials found in italy
1. tufa
2. marble
3. bricks
4. peperino
5. limestone
6. travertine
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this was italy's principal innovation
ribbed vault
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has colored mosaic from byzantine influence
south italy and sicily
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type of marbles from Moslem influence
stripes of colored marbles
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type of arches from Moslem influence
stilted pointed arches
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plan and columns character from Norman influence
cruciform plan and coupled columns
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is one of the finest of the romanesque period
pisa cathedral
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with baptistery, campanile and campo santo form one of the most famous building groups in the world
pisa cathedral
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has exterior bands of colored marble
pisa cathedral
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became an integral part of the church group. is a circular tower, 16m in diameter rising in 8 storeys of encircling arcades
campanille, pisa
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this world famous leaning tower is its most arresting feature. a belfry was added in 1350
campanille, pisa
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became an integral part of the church group and as used for the sacrament of baptism
baptistery, pisa
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was designed by diotisalvi (God save You) on a circular plan with a diameter of 39.3m
baptistery, pisa
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was constructed to consolidate the remains of people who were once buried throughout the field of miracles
campo santo, pisa
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arcade facade in black and white marble
pistoia cathedral
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is one of the most beautiful churches in the city
san miniato al monte, florence
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stands atop one of the highest points in the city
san miniato al monte, florence
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has a beatiful blind arcading of white and green marble
san miniato al monte, florence
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interior has white and green marble paneling. it has brightly colored open timber ceiling. the sanctuary has windows of translucent marble instead of glass
san miniato al monte, florence
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facade similar to the style of the pisan group
san martino, lucca
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facade similar to the style of the pisan group
san michele, lucca
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is dazzling example of romanesque architecture. the marble facade has two rows of colonnades, rose windows and a porch surrounded by a shrine
cremona cathedral, lombardy
