Roman Architecture Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Method of ancient rome in extending influence
A
means of conquest
2
Q
material for floor paving
A
terra-cotta
3
Q
material for facing of wall
A
clay bricks
4
Q
material for walling
A
marble
5
Q
volcanic stone
A
tufa
6
Q
hard limestone
A
peperino
7
Q
favorite material; pozzolana (volcanic earth) + stone/brick rubble; main building material; plasticity, can be shaped/molded; saves time on the construction process (cheaper)
A
concrete
8
Q
temperate climate in rome
A
N. Italy
9
Q
genial and sunny climate in rome
A
Central Italy
10
Q
tropical climate in rome
A
S. Italy
11
Q
clever and Rome’s nightmare
A
Hannibal Barca
12
Q
greatest of the roman army; was assassinated
A
julius caesar
13
Q
nephew of julius caesar, first ruler of Roman empire; Augustus and Imperator
A
Gauis Octavius
14
Q
established in celebration of Rome’s recovery; Roman Peace
A
Pax Romana
15
Q
2 acts of constantine:
A
- accepting Christianity as a religion equal to other religions
- chose Byzantium as the headquarters of the empire and later inaugurated as constantinopolis
16
Q
Etruscan Architectural Character
A
true radiating arch
tuscan order
atrium type house
17
Q
simpler version of the doric; shaft and column is plain
A
tuscan order
18
Q
funeral cells and niches along the walls
A
walled city of falerii nori
19
Q
earliest sewage system
A
cloaca maxima
20
Q
main entrance to this historic city
A
arch of augustus, perugia, italy
21
Q
ancient etruscan burial city, tumulus mounds
A
necropolis, cerveteri
22
Q
renowned for vivid wall paintings
A
etruscan tombs, tarquinia
23
Q
Roman architectural character
A
- columnar and trabeated
- arcuated
- vaulted
24
Q
Instead of columns, this was used by the Romans to supports the arch
A
Piers
25
Columns were employed by the Romans as
Decorative features
26
This were the architectural aims of the Romans
Essentially utilitarian
27
Developed by combining the volutes of the ionic and acanthus of the corinthian
Composite order
28
5 Roman wall masonry
1. Opus quadratum
2. Opus incertum
3. Opus reticulatum
4. Opus testaceum
5. Opus mixtum
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Alternation of courses of bricks and small squared stones
Opus mixtum
30
Rectangular and square blocks of stones in regular ashlar courses
Opus quadratum
31
Small rough stones with pyramidal ends set irregularly in mortar
Opus incertum
32
Square stones set diagonally, forming a net-like pattern
Opus reticulatum
33
Brick facing with pyramidal ends
Opus testaceum
34
Allowed the Roman to build vaults of a magnitude never equaled until the production of steel in the 19th century
Concrete
35
This has the advantage over stone
Concrete
36
4 advantages of concrete over stone
1. Can be accommodated to complicated plan forms
2. Has greater cohesion
3. Economical
4. Easier to use than stone-cutting
37
Open area in a vault
Span
38
In a vault, this is where the arch would rest
Impost
39
Top stone of the arch
Keystone
40
The exterior curve line in a arch/vault
Extrados
41
4 Types of roman vaults
1. Semi-circular or barrel or wagon-headed or tunnel vault
2. Cross vault
3. Semi-dome
4. Hemispherical dome
42
Borne throughout its length on the two parallel walls of a rectangular plan
Semi-circular/ barrel/ wagon-headed/ tunnel vault
43
Formed of two semi-circular vaults of equal span
Cross vaults
44
Used over semi circular structures type of roman vault
Semi-dome
45
Type of vault used over circular structures
Hemispherical dome
46
Recesses that lightens the concrete
Coffers/ lacunaria
47
3 marble mosaic patterns
1. Opus vermiculatum
2. Opus sectile
3. Opus spicatum
48
Marble mosaic patterns (small pieces of tiles) produced pictorial patterns
Opus vermiculatum
49
Cut work, produced geometrical pattern (Marble mosaic patterns)
Opus sectile
50
Produced the herringbone or chevron pattern
Opus spicatum
51
Masonry projecting from a wall provided to give additional strength to the same and also to resist the thrust of the roof or wall especially when concentrated at any one point
Buttress
52
3 types of roman buttresses
1. Niche/ hemicycle
2. Spur buttress
3. Pinnacle buttress
53
Roman buttress for retaining the earth
Niche/ hemicycle
54
Roman buttress used when large openings for doors and windows were needed
Spur buttress
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Roman buttress placed on top of a spur buttress to help by their weight drive the oblique thrust more steeply down to earth
Pinnacle buttress
56
4 examples of roman architecture
1. Forum
2. Rectangular temples
3. Circular temples
4. Basilica
57
Agora counterpart in Greek; central open space used as a meeting place, market or political demonstrations
Forum
58
A type of roman forum that Consists of a series of monumental public squares
Imperial forums
59
Oldest roman forum and most important in the city
Forum romanum
60
Largest of the forums, built by apollodorus of damascus; this building, standing for more than 1800yrs was once a bustling business center
Forum of trajan
61
Are a mixture of greek and etruscan types
Roman temples
62
The typical prostyle portico and podium were etruscan in type while they resembled the greek in many aspects; no particular orientation of temples compared to the greek facing east and etruscan facing south
Rectangular temples
63
Built by domitian; known for its ornate entablature
Temple of vespasian
64
Was designed for hadrian by apollodorus of damascus
Temple of venus and rome
65
Was dedicated to mars by augustus to avenge the death of caesar
Temple of mars, ultor, rome
66
Best preserved roman temple
Maison, Carree, Nimes
67
Was commenced by antonius pius; substructure is formed of gigantic blocks of stone known as the trilithon
Temple of jupiter, Baalbek, Lebanon
68
Gigantic blocks of stone
Trilithon
69
The coffered timber ceiling was an astonishingly luxuriant concept
Temple of bacchus, baalbek
70
Is the most perfectly preserved ancient roman temple; has oculus and it is the largest dome built without reinforcement
The pantheon
71
Was erected by hadrian, part of the pantheon
Rotunda
72
Built by aggripa, son-in-law of augustus; part of the pantheon
Temple aggripa
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The eye in the pantheon, it is 30' O
Oculus
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Also called Coffers
Lacunaria
75
Was the most sacred shrine in the imperial city and contained the holy fire of vesta
Temple of vesta, rome
76
Has a curved inward entablature as its decorative feature
Temple of venus, baalbek
77
Hall of justice and commercial exchange; their central position indicates the importance of law and business in old rome
Basilica
78
Largest in rome, was designed by apollodorus. It had no known religious function and was dedicated to the administration of justice, commerce and the presence of the emperor
The basilica of trajan (basilica ulpia)
79
Had a great central nave, 4 side aisles with clerestory windows and a space divided by rows and columns and two semicircular apse
Basilica ulpia (basilica of trajan)
80
The columns and the walls were of precious marbles; the 50m high roof was covered by gilded bronze tiles
Basilica of trajan (basilica ulpia)
81
Has immense groined vaults in 3 compartments, has coffered ceiling
Basilica of constantine and maxentius
82
Public baths that was not a place for bathing but for the people to socialize, painted, read/ exercise
Thermae
83
Greek word meaning hot
Thermos
84
Curved metal implement
Strigil
85
Played an important role into the life of ancient rome; significant culture, conversation was necessary, social activity
Bathing
86
Palatial public baths for imperial rome, designed for luxurious bathing, has a staff of attendants like manicurist, barbers and shampooers and has rooms for lectures and areas for athletic sports
Thermae
87
3 compartments of the main building
1. Tepidarium
2. caldarium
3. Frigidarium
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Warm bath
Tepidarium
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Hot bath
Caldarium
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Unheated bath
Frigidarium
91
Other amenities in the main building (4)
1. Sudatorium
2. Apodyteria
3. Unctuaria
4. Palaestra
92
Dry sweating room
Sudatorium
93
Dressing room
Apodyteria
94
Oil room
Unctuaria
95
For physical exercise
Palaestra
96
Open-space for foot racing (part of a thermae)
Xystus
97
Lecture rooms and exedrae for poets and philosophers (part of a thermae)
Outer ring of apartments
98
This was a very hot bath and steamy room
Caldarium
99
A hot dry area for inducing sweating
Laconicum
100
Its specialty is the pleasant feeling of constant radiant heat which directly affects the human body
Tepidarium
101
Is a small or a large unheated pool
Frigidarium
102
Central floor heating system in a thermae
Hypocaust
103
The floor was raised above the ground by pillars called pilae stacks
Hypocaust
104
Pillars in a hypocaust called pilae stacks
Slippers
105
Spaces were left inside the wall so that hot air and smoke from the furnace would pass through these enclosed areas and out of the flues in the roof, thereby heating
Hypocaust
106
Can accomodate 1600 bathers with its size and magnificence
Thermae of caracalla
107
Great vaults were richly ornaments with coffers. Pavements were formed of bright colored mosaics in geometrical patterns or with figures of athletes
Thermae of Caracalla, Rome
108
It can accommodate 3000 bathers, was the grandest and the most sumptuous of the public baths. It was begun by Diocletian and Maximian about A. D. 302 and finished by Constantinius and Maximus
Thermae of Diocletian
109
Basilica made from the thermae of Diocletian
Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli
110
Small private baths in palaces and houses
Balneum
111
the oldest bathhouse in Pompeii
stabian baths, pompeii
112
The baths had a communal central heating plant and were divided into 2 sections for males and females
Forum baths, pompeii
113
Has a hole in the caldarium that allows the steam to escape from this hot room (caldarium)
Forum baths,pompeii
114
The very first pipe the old roman empire introduced
Terra-cotta pipes
115
Has marble benches pierced with holes for wastes to pass through a shallow water channel in front of the seats was furnished with sponges attached to sticks for patrons to wipe themselves
Roman latrines
116
Is a space for a sponge on a stick to clean the lower part of the body in a roman latrine
The lower hole
117
Were designed with a deep channel running around the four sides of a rectangular space
Latrines
118
Were adopted from the Greeks and restricted to a semi-circle
Roman Theaters
119
Were not hollowed out of a mountain side but were built up by means of concrete vaulting
Roman theaters
120
Theater dedicated to augustus
Theater of marcellus
121
Is for the display of mortal combat. The arena (sand) absorbs theblood of combatants
Amphitheater
122
Most of them are prisoners
Combatants
123
Was commenced by vespasian and completed by domitian
The colosseum (flavian amphitheater)
124
3 components parts of concrete used in the colosseum
1. Lava for foundation
2. Tufa and brick for walls
3. Pumice stone for vaults to reduce their weight
125
Special architectural features of the colosseum (3)
1. Massive piers which support the 3 tiers of countless arcades
2. Decorative use of the classic orders super imposed on the walls
3. Grand sweeping lines of the unbroken entablature round the building
126
The structural problems involved were engineering in character because the romans built the gigantic edifice without scooping the earth
The colosseum
127
is an entirely new departure made possible by the invention of concrete. It can seat to a capacity of over 80000
The colosseum
128
Is a canvas awning drawn over to protect the audience from rain/sun
Velarium
129
Is a chamber beneath an arena, where bodies of dead gladiators are dragged and piled
Spoliarium
130
Was also used for mock naval battles
The colosseum
131
Mock naval battles
Naumachia
132
For horse and chariot-racing
Circus
133
Stalls that held the contestants' chariot and horses
Carceres
134
Dividing walls at the center
Spina
135
Is an ancient hippodrome and mass entertainment venue
Circus Maximus, rome (great circus)
136
5 classes of tombs
1. Coemetria or subterranean vault
2. Monumental tombs
3. Pyramidal tomb
4. Temple-shaped tomb
5. Sculptured memorials
137
Contains both the columbaria and loculi
Coemeteria or subterranean vault
138
Niches that receive the ashes of the dead
Columbaria
139
Recesses for corpses, bigger niches accepting bodies of dead and corpses
Loculi
140
Resemble etruscan tumuli with a conical crown of earth
Monumental tomb
141
Now the castle of saint angelo
Mausoleum of hadrian
142
Taken from egyptian ideas
Pyramidal tombs
143
Have mortuary chapels with colonnaded portico and sepulchral vault
Temple-shaped tombs
144
Now the cathedral of st. Domnius
Mausoleum of diocletian
145
Cenotaphs or monumental blocks in honor of persons buried elsewhere or those people who died in war and cannot be found
Sculptured memorials
146
Erected to emperors and generals commemorating victorious campaigns
Triumphal arches
147
Arch located in the palatine hills
Arch of titus
148
Were erected to celebrate Naval victories, decorated with prows of ships and figures
Rostral columns
149
Columns erected to record triumphs
Pillars of victory
150
Has so many bas-relief, example of pillars of victory
Column of trajan, rome
151
3 types of town gateways and archways
1. Forming part of the protective wall circuit
2. Ornamental portals to forums and markets
3. At main street intersections
152
Example of forming part of the protective wall circuit
Porte de mars, reims, france
153
Comes from the word palatine, where a group of magnificent palaces were built by emperors augustus, tiberius, caligula, domitian, and severus
Palaces
154
Private house, was the home of the wealthy and the middle class. The etruscan atrium house and the traditional greek peristyle house are combined to make this
Domus
155
Parts of a domus (13)
1. Alae
2. Posticum
3 triclinium
4. Atrium
5. Implivium
6. Taberna
7. Prothyrum
8. Andron
9. Peristilium
10. Oecus
11. Cubicula
12. Culina
13. Summer triclinium
156
Conversation area (part of a domus)
Alae
157
Service door (part of a domus)
Posticum
158
Dining (part of a domus)
Triclinium
159
Open court (part of a domus)
Atrium
160
Rain cistern (part of a domus)
Implivium
161
Shop (part of a domus)
Taberna
162
Entrance (part of a domus)
Prothyrum
163
Passageway (part of a domus)
Andron
164
Colonnaded garden (part of a domus)
Peristilium
165
Reception (part of a domus)
Oecus
166
Bedroom (part of a domus)
Cubicula
167
Kitchen (part of a domus)
Culina
168
Dining for guest during summer (part of a domus)
Summer triclinium
169
Formal dining room, derived from gk. Words 'tri' three and 'kilned' couch. There are 3 couches on 3 sides of a low square table. The master of the house and. The guests holds a feast lying on these couches. This was a formal style in ancient rome
Triclinium
170
Country house, is the summer house of the wealthy romans
Villa
171
2 types of roman villa
1. Villa rustica
| 2. Villa urbana
172
Was a glorified farmhouse with barns, orchards, and vineyards for the owner of the estate
Villa rustica
173
3 components of a roman villa rustica
1. Urbana (main house)
2. Agricenter
3. Hustica
174
Was a pleasure retreat with formal gardens adorned with fountains and sculptures
Villa urbana
175
Was a complex of over 30 buildings
Hadrian's villa
176
Apartment blocks, the roman were the first civilization to utilize flats and apartments
Insulas
177
Are houses for the lower classes. The floor at the ground level was used for shops with living space in the higher floors
Insulas
178
Is being dumped on the street below or emptied into vats that were kept under the stairs
Chamberpot
179
Water conveying ducks
Specus
180
Are water channels on water bridges constructed to convey water
Aqueducts
181
A special mixture of ground terra cotta and lime used for the lining of water channels, aqueducts and reservoirs
Opus signinum
182
Was listed in the unesco world heritage site in 1985
Pont-du-gard, nimes, france
183
Was begun by emperor caligula and completed by claudius
Aqua claudia
184
Are simple, solid and practical in construction and designed to offer a well-calculated resistance to the meh of water
Bridges (pons)
185
Is the oldest bridge in rome made of bricks and travertine stones
Pons fabricius, rome
186
Was built by marcus aemilius scaurus, has semi-circular arches over massive piers with protecting 'starlings' or cut waters and extra arches above them to allow the flood waters to pass through
Pons milvius, rome
187
Is the longest of the remaining roman bridges
Puente romano, merida spain
188
were set for commercial exchange, military transfers and a more rapid conquest of other new countries
Roads
189
Is an ancient roman highway that was named for appius claudius caecus who began its construction in 312 b. c.
The appia antica (appian way)
190
It was once one of the world's most important roads and the most famous of all the roads that radiated from rome towards the far ends
The appia antica (appian way)
191
Has a total length of 563 km. it used to be known as the 'regina viarum' the queen of all roads
Appian way
192
Is lined with the ruins of the tombs of prominent romans
Appian way
193
Built between 50-90 B. C. It was a tomb for the wife of crasus
Tomb of cecilia metella
194
(Tomb)Freed slaves
Tomb of rabirii
195
Existed mainly in courts and gardens of private houses
Fountains
196
2 types of fountains
1. Lacus
| 2. Salientes
197
Is a fountain with a large basin of water
Lacus
198
Is a spouting jet fountain
Salientes
199
4 characteristics of roman architecture
1. Vastness
2. Magnificence
3. Ostentation
4. Ornateness
