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Malay > Rules/Culture > Flashcards

Rules/Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Where should you put ber-?

A

You can put ber before bahasa to indicate you speak a language e.g berbahasa Inggeris

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2
Q

When should you include sedang?

A

To imply the verb is currently occuring.

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3
Q

What’s the order between nouns and adjectives?

A

Nouns come before adjectives

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4
Q

How can verbs be made into nouns?

A

By adding prefixes, most of the time ‘pen-‘
e.g tonton (watch) - penonton (audience)

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5
Q

How can you specify a verb’s function in a sentence or make it fit more smoothly?

A

Add the prefix ‘men-‘ before the verb
e.g tonton (watch) - menonton (watch)

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6
Q

What is the basic structure of Malay?

A
  1. Subject 2. Verb 3.Noun
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7
Q

What changes according to the first letter of the root verb?

A

The ‘n’ in the prefixes ‘men-‘ and ‘pen-‘

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8
Q

How do the ‘n’s’ in the -men-‘ and ‘pen-‘ prefixes change with different beginning letters of the root verbs?

A

c, d, j, t - ‘pen-‘/’men-‘
b, p, f - ‘pem-‘/’mem-‘
a, g, h, i, k, u - ‘meng-‘/’peng-‘

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9
Q

Where does ada come in sentence structure?

A

Same as verb

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10
Q

What is ‘ada’?

A

The word that represents existence of the noun.

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11
Q

Where does mempunyai come in sentence structure?

A

Same as verb

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12
Q

What is ‘mempunyai’?

A

The word that represents possession/to have.

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13
Q

How do ‘e’s’ sound?

A

Like uhh

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14
Q

How to ‘a’s’ sound at the end of words?

A

Like uhh

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15
Q

How do ‘a’s’ sound?

A

Like ahh

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16
Q

How do you pronounce t’s?

A

Form the T with your mouth but don’t make the T sound.
Easy to visualise if you move your jaw downwards as you make the T sound

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17
Q

How do ‘I’s’ sound?

A

Like ee

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18
Q

How do ‘O’s’ sound?

A

Normal O but don’t bring your lips closer together - sounds like oar

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19
Q

How do ‘U’s’ sound?

A

Like oooh - like something intriguing has just happened.

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20
Q

How flexible are the question words in sentences e.g why?

A

You can put question words at the start or end of a sentence and nothing will change.

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21
Q

What is Malay’s basic word order?

A
  1. Subject - 2. Verb - 3. Object e.g Saya cakat berbahasa Inggeris.
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22
Q

What’s wrong with Aku?

A

Even to malaysians it can sound rough so only use it when your with very familiar people. Malaysians often use I and you instead.

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23
Q

When speaking to someone older then you should you try older brother/ older sister or auntie/uncle first?

A

older brother/older sister first

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24
Q

How should you address people not much older than you?

A

older brother/older sister

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25
Q

When should you call someone grandfather/grandmother?

A

Only when they refer to themselves that way first.

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26
Q

What does putting ‘ke’ at the end of a sentence do?

A

Turns the sentence into a question.

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27
Q

What do you do with tak?

A

Put it at the end of a question where you ask permission to make it a ‘can I _ or not’ and in yes/no questions ‘do you have this or not’.

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28
Q

What are you refering to with pasar raya?

A

Supermarkets like tesco and asda

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29
Q

What are you refering to with kedai runcit?

A

Grocery stores like small coops/spars and street/corner shops

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30
Q

What are you refering to with pasar tani?

A

Markets and grocer’s areas.

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31
Q

What are you refering to with pasar malam?

A

24 hour/nightime grocery stores e.g 24 hour tesco express and small coop shops.

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32
Q

When are tua an muda most commonly used?

A

When describing dark and light blue and green. They can be used for other colours but not commonly.

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33
Q

What words are best to use when describing shades of colours which aren’t blue and green?

A

pekat (concentrated (darker))
cair (diluted (lighter))

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34
Q

What do you do to describe a colour with -ish?

A

put ‘ke’ before and ‘an’ after the colour e.g kemerahan (reddish)

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35
Q

What do you do to describe a shade of colour that is (colour)-ish (colour) e.g greenish yellow?

A

As the solid colour described is the noun that goes first e.g yellow (kuning).
Then you say the -ish colour with ‘ke’ before it and ‘an’ after it e.g kehijauan.

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36
Q

What are ni and tak short for?

A

‘ini’ and ‘tidak’

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37
Q

How do you structure a question for Have/has/did/do/does - you/I/they/she/he __ or not questions?

A

Begin with ada, finish with tak.
E.g Do you have fried rice - Ada nasi goreng tak?
Do you have a pen - Ada pen tak?

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38
Q

How do you structure Can I/she/he/they __ or not questions?

A

Begin with boleh, finish with tak.
e.g can I hear - bole dengar tak?
can I hold - boleh saya pegang tak?

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39
Q

How do you say plurals?

A

Repeat the noun e.g buku-buku means books

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40
Q

What do ringgit and sen equivalate to?

A

Ringgit is like pounds
Sen is like pences

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41
Q

How many sen in a ringgit?

A

100 same as UK

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42
Q

Full Malay sentence structure?

A
  1. Subject 2. verb 3. noun with adjectives after 4. polite bit at end
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43
Q

Where and why should you use -lah

A

Use ‘lah’ at the end of the sentence to make abrupt sentences sound friendly and polite

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44
Q

How do you treat mr/mrs in a sentence?

A

Same as I/you/he/her/them - the subject at the start

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45
Q

What do you add to indicate a verb was done by accident?

A

The prefix ‘ter-‘
e.g sesat becomes tersesat (being lost becomes being accidentally lost)

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46
Q

How does abbreviation relate to formality?

A

The abbreviated forms of words are more informal than full words
You’ll have to check when you can and cant use them.

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47
Q

How do adjectives change the sentence structure?

A

Adjectives always go after each subject in a sentence. So say the first subject then all the adjectives that go with it, then the next subject and its adjectives etc.
e.g Awak dah jauh sangat ni
1. S-You 2. S-already V-far very 3. S-here
Also adjectives that emphasise other adjectives go second hence ‘far very’

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48
Q

What’s the order of multiple adjectives?

A
  1. Colours come before all other adjectives
  2. Adjectives that emphasise other adjectives come second e.g far very
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49
Q

Where do numbers go in sentence in relation the object’s number?

A

Numbers aren’t treated as descriptive so go before object

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50
Q

Very useful hyperlinks:

A

https://www.101languages.net/malay/grammar.html#:~:text=Malay%20word%20order%20is%20subject,%22%20%3D%20%22I%20ate%22.
https://ling-app.com/ms/malay-sentence-structure/

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51
Q

How do you use suffix -nya?

A

Put on end of adjectives to imply enthusiasm - same as saying very.

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52
Q

Why would you use ‘kan’ in a sentence?

A

Question tag at end of statement like ‘isn’t it’ or ‘can’t you’.

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53
Q

How does a different number of g’s change pronunciation?

A

one g you dont say ‘guh’ just form the g and move on
two g’s and you say ‘guh’

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54
Q

What word do you use when describing a group of animals?

A

ekor

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55
Q

What’s a word you can use for asking?

A

Minta - commonly used to ask for things.

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56
Q

What are shop owners usually addressed as?

A

Boss

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57
Q

What isn’t there in Malay?

A

plurals, genders and verb conjugations for persons, numbers, or tenses.

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58
Q

How are plurals, genders and verb conjugations for persons, numbers, and tenses expressed?

A

Adverbs and tense indicators.

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59
Q

Where are all the prefixes and suffixes attached to?

A

The base root words in sentences.

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60
Q

How do you use the prefix ‘ber’ with time periods?

A

Put before plural of a time period to make e.g for days, for years

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61
Q

What does putting tempat behind a verb achieve?

A

Allows you to describe a place you’re looking for. For example tempat jual ubat - place that sells medicine

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62
Q

How are parts of the day split up in Malaysia?

A

Noon is 12:00 pm -12:59 pm or 13:59 pm
Evening is 13:00 pm -18:59 pm
Night is 19:00 pm - 00:59 am
Morning 1:00 am - 11:59am

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63
Q

How do you pronounce two vowels together

A

As if an apostrophe was between them. So say first one then pause then say second one.

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64
Q

What suffix do you use to imply a verb is being done by someone for you?

A

Put ‘-kan’ on the end of the verb e.g tuliskan - write for me

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65
Q

What are used to refer to numbers of objects?

A

Classifiers e.g ears of corn, pieces of paper, cans of beans.

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66
Q

What’s the classifier for a number of people?

A

Orang
(Like saying I have five persons of siblings)

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67
Q

What suffix do you use to convert a number to a position/rank?

A

Put ‘Ke-‘ befroe the number e.g fifth - Kelima

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68
Q

What three prefixes should you use to make a verb a continuous verb?

A

Me-, mem-, meng- (Unique to certain verbs though) e.g membaca - reading

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69
Q

Difference between me-, mem-, and meng- and sedang?

A

Sedang implies you are currently doing the verb
Me-, mem-, and meng- are used for making verbs continuous generally

70
Q

How do you say your favourite of anything?

A

Put the thing before ‘favourite’ at start of sentence. e.g my favourite colour is green - Warna kegemara saya ialah hijau.

71
Q

How do you pronounce ‘Cs’ in words?

A

Ch

72
Q

How do you pronounce ‘Ks’ in words?

A

Cuh - like c

73
Q

What rule with dia is purposefully broken?

A

Means it
Use of dia only meant for humans/animals
But colloquially its used for anything

74
Q

How to pronounce ‘g’?

A

Just form ‘g’ and then make sound or next letter in word.

75
Q

What is tak the short form of?

A

Tidak

76
Q

What two letters refer to physical and mental fitness

A

‘g’ is physical fitness
‘d’ is mental fitness

77
Q

What does it mean when ‘O’ is after a drink name?

A

Its the type of the drink that is without milk

78
Q

Why is it common to repeat dah (already) in a sentence?

A

It’s like in English saying I have started _ already. It makes a complete sentence

79
Q

What’s meh the shortened version of?

A

Mari which means come

80
Q

What do you do to change a question asking someone to do something for you to can you do something for someone or vice versa?

A

Switch the position of ‘awak’ and ‘saya’ in the sentence.

81
Q

What is the classifier for fruit numbers?

A

biji

82
Q

What term can be used as ‘then’?

A

lah

83
Q

What is ‘ke’?

A

Informal conversational version of ‘kah’

84
Q

What is ‘ke’ used for?

A

Used to make statements into questions e.g cake? if you see something you’re not sure is cake

85
Q

What is ‘eh’?

A

Variation of ‘ke’, ‘yeah’, or ‘ya’

86
Q

What is ‘eh’ used for?

A

To instigate a response of confirmation from someone. like ‘You’re walking yeah?’

87
Q

How do Malay people say Malaysia?

A

Malay-sia (seeah) or Malaysia (english)

88
Q

Which part of Malaysia is most advertised?

A

East Malaysia

89
Q

Which part of Malaysia is called peninsular Malaysia?

A

West Malaysia

90
Q

Where are Pahang and Kuala Lumpur?

A

West Malaysia - semenanjung malaysia

91
Q

What’s the biggest state in Peninsular/ West Malaysia?

A

Pahang

92
Q

What prefix do you put behind a verb to make it the verb ‘-est’.

A

‘ter-‘ for example large ‘besar’ becomes largest ‘terbesar’.

93
Q

In Malaysia do you have to pay a toll to use the highway?

A

Yes

94
Q

What’s the arabic greeting used by muslims globally and in Malaysia?

A

Assalamualaikum (shortened)
Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi ta’ala wabarakatuh (full version)

95
Q

What phrase usually follows the Arabic greeting by Muslims if you are not of Islamic faith?

A

Dan salam sejahtera

96
Q

What is the term coined by Malaysia’s 6th prime minister Najib Razak to encourage unity?

A

Dan salam 1Malaysia ya

97
Q

What does the phrase ‘cecik darah’ mean and what is it used for?

A

Choking blood - really expensive

98
Q

What is the staple dish of terengganu?

A

Nasi dagang
Trade rice

99
Q

What is the longest night market in Malaysia?

A

(pasar malam) Taman connaught

100
Q

How long is Taman connaught?

A

2 kilometres long

101
Q

Three main cultures in Malaysia?

A

Malay, Chinese, Indian

102
Q

What are the most dominant religions in Malaysia?

A

Islam, Buddhism, christianity, and hinduism,

103
Q

What’s the common response you get when you show appreciation to Malaysia?

A

Malaysia sayang kamu juga
Malaysia loves you too

104
Q

What does suga makanan mean?

A

Lots of people from around the world come to Malaysia especially Penang for the food.

105
Q

What’s another use for the suffix ‘-nya’.

A

Put on end of plurals to act as ‘the’ e.g sotong-sotong (squids) to sotong-sotongnya (the squids)

106
Q

What does ‘hari raya’ mean and what does it refer to?

A

‘Day of celebration’ as in Malaysia its used to refer to Eid which is a global islamic event.

107
Q

What’s the term for ‘the person who puts in effort’? Refers to managers, owners ect.

A

pengusaha

108
Q

Where can you put question word(s)?

A

At front or end of sentence.

109
Q

If one g is in a word how do you pronounce it? And how do you pronounce two g’s

A

one g is silent and pronounce previous letter
two g’s means pronounce g

110
Q

Where is lompattikam from in Malaysia?

A

State of Kelantan in peninsular Malysia

111
Q

What is Kelantan state know for?

A

Their pretty women XD, they would be Kelantanese.

112
Q

What are kuih bahulu?

A

Also called asian medallions, they are offerings if you attend open houses during Malay celberations e.g deepavali (diwali)

113
Q

What is teh tarik?

A

Means pulled tea. Beverage of tea and condensed milk, mixed by pouring from long distance which is why its ‘pulled’. Beloved drink in Malaysia.

114
Q

What is Tepung Pelita?

A

Means flour lantern. A type of coconut milk dessert which is traditionally green from pandan leaves but food colouring is more common now.

115
Q

Need to find out what english words don’t exist in Malay

A

So you know when you want to say certain sentences when you need to use alternate appropriate words to say sentences correctly.

116
Q

What’s the sentence order when talking about ownership of an object?

A

Item word first then word for claiming e.g Buku saya (book my)

117
Q

What are all meanings for ‘saya’?

A

I/me/my/mine

118
Q

What are all the meanings for awak?

A

You/your/yours

119
Q

How does saying ‘mine’ work?

A

As can’t say ‘is I’ saya is used to sow personal element then ‘punya’ to make it ‘mine’.

120
Q

Order when assigning ownership to an object?

A

first object then ownership e.g buku awak = your book

121
Q

What are all the meanings for ‘awak’?

A

You/your/yours

122
Q

What are all the meanings for ‘dia’?

A

He/she/him/her/his/hers

123
Q

Order when assigning subject of conversation to an object?

A

first object then reference word e.g buku itu = that book

124
Q

Why do Malaysian people often refer to themselves and others in the third person?

A

Sounds polite and caring, usually done between family.

125
Q

How do you usually address servers in mamak restaurants?

A

Boss

126
Q

What is kuah and how does it apply to talking about food in Malaysia?

A

Its the liquid element of any dish. Has no translation. Various dishes in Malaysia are defined by their kuah e.g curry, rendang, kerutuk, kuzi, gulai, lemak etc.

127
Q

What’s a general expression of panic in Malay?

A

Alamak!

128
Q

When eating a meal on banana leaf what indicates you liked/disliked the food?

A

Folding leaf inwards after finishing means you liked it, folding it outwards means you disliked it.

129
Q

What topping for canai bread are usually eaten with it and on a banana leaf?

A

Dhal curry, coconut chutney, tomato chutney

130
Q

What is thosai?

A

savoury thin pancake made form rice and lentils, a very popular breakfast in Malaysia.

131
Q

What fish is commonly found in Malaysian restaurants?

A

Mackerel

132
Q

What is Sahur?

A

Arabic term from Islam meaning the meal eaten before sunrise in ramadhan. Meant to give energy for whole day

133
Q

What is Iftar?

A

Arabic term from Islam meaning the breakfast at sundown

134
Q

What is Imsak?

A

Arabic term from Islam for the period of ten minutes before sunrise. Often used as point to stop eating by muslims so they don’t accidentally eat after sunise.

135
Q

What is sobok?

A

Arabic term for Islamic call for morning prayers.

136
Q

How do the Islamic prayers work in ramadham?

A

Five prayers,
Subuh at sunrise, then zohor, then asar, then maghrib at sundown, then isyak

137
Q

How do Muslims fast?

A

From sunrise to sundown, where they abstain from food, water and more

138
Q

What is Azan?

A

The muslim call to prayer. It is broadcasted five times a day. Happens for all five prayes across day. When it first happenf for subuh it marks the start of th fasting period.

139
Q

Extra phrase at end of subuh that roughly translates to ‘praying is better than sleep’.

A

(Arabic) Assolatu khairum minan naum

140
Q

Muslim prayer during ramadhan spoken before eating or drinking anything.

A

(Arabic) Allahuma barik lana fima razaqtana waqina azabannar.
Translation: O Allah bless the food you provided us and save us from the punishment of the fire.

141
Q

What’s a brand of dates heavily advertised in Malaysia during ramadhan?

A

Yusuf Taiyoob

142
Q

Words for past tense?

A

Sudah Have/Already
Belum Have not

143
Q

Words for present tense?

A

Sedang (f)/Tengah (i) which mean ‘in the middle of’

144
Q

Words for future?

A

Akan which means ‘will’

145
Q

Between the two words for the present which is informal and used more everyday?

A

Tengah

146
Q

How is word ‘do’ (buat) affected by past, present, and future.

A

Word ‘do’ (buat) remains unchanged for past, present, and future.

147
Q

Are verbs affected by past, present, and future tenses?

A

no, one word for each verb regardless. Only prefixes and suffixes affect them.

148
Q

‘Don’t want’ is too formal so what is it and what is it shortened to?

A

Tidak hendak shortened to tak nak

149
Q

In conversation the full versions of ‘dont’ and ‘want’ are too formal so what are they shortened to usually?

A

dont to tak
want to nak

150
Q

What makes Malay easier to learn?

A

Malay is a very snappy and practical language so even if you mess up grammar they will likely still understand e.g what is this thing is just ‘apa nama ini’ ‘what name this’

151
Q

Example of how Malay grammar can be rearranged and still make sense most of the time?

A

What is this can be:
Ini nama apa
Ini apa nama
Nama ini apa
Nama apa ini
Apa ini nama
Apa nama ini

152
Q

What makes learning Malay slightly less stressful?

A

It is important to learn all suffixes and grammar structure but even if you mess it up you will likely still be understood will correct words and pronunciation.

153
Q

For learning Malay what is the three most important things and what are their ranks in importance?

A

Vocabulary is most important, then comes pronunciation, then comes grammar which is less but still important.

154
Q

Can you get by with poor pronunciation?

A

Yes, but its important, respectful, better and easier to learn as best you can.

155
Q

How is Malay pronounced?

A

How its spelt

156
Q

How can you expand your Malay vocabulary?

A

Read Malay newspapers and books, listen to/watch people speaking Malay, get official malay to english dictionary (english to Malay), watch malay dramas, join Malay community groups.

157
Q

How to pronounce ‘k’s’?

A

Don’s say K, form sound then release jaw at same time, let it catch in your throat

158
Q

As Malay is practical how are basic sentences such as ‘I want a _’ simplified?

A

I want _, Saya nak _

159
Q

As Malay is practical how are basic sentences such as ‘I want to _ now’ simplified?

A

I want _ now, Saya nak _ sekarang

160
Q

In Malay what words aren’t said in basic short sentences which makes them easier to say?

A

to, for, a, an

161
Q

Structure of a basic sentence?

A
  1. I 2. want/don’t want 3. verb 4. object
162
Q

Correct sentence structure is important but what’s the safety net?

A

Though correct sentence structure is important there are sentences where you can say Malay words in English sentence order and it’ll be correct or passable.

163
Q

How do you specify you want hot water tea?

A

Say air teh (water tea) as there are multiple types of tea.

164
Q

How do you say ‘ I want this one’ whilst coming across as polite in Malay

A

Malay is a naturally polite language so saying things in a soft calm tone conveys politeness.

165
Q

Who would you use ‘tak nak’ with?

A

People you are close to as it sounds curt, for others use full version or say lah.

166
Q

Can you put lah on the end of every sentence?

A

No, isn’t really a rule for when to use it but you think its good to use for abrupt statements and any sentence which may seem rude.

167
Q

Polite sentence instead of saying ‘don’t want’.

A

I feel like I don’t want to
Saya rasa macam tak nak

168
Q

What do you need to be careful of even when saying no need informally

A

A harsh tone can still come across as rude so say in soft friendly welcoming calm voice

169
Q

How do guys especially make what they sy come across as polite?

A

Say it in a friendly and genial tone.

170
Q

How do you tell someone ‘that’s not correct’?

A

Bukan

Malay (29 decks)

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