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Rum and Other Sugar Cane Spirits Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some popular rum based drinks?

A

Cuba Libre
Daquiri
Mojito
Caipirinha

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2
Q

What are believed to be the first communities to produce rum in the western world?

A

Barbados and Martinique.

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3
Q

In what countries is there evidence of fermented beverages made from sugarcane juice in the ancient past?

A

India and China.

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4
Q

When is it believed that sugarcane cuttings first arrived in the West Indies?

A

1493.

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5
Q

Who is believed to have first brought sugarcane cuttings to the West Indies and from where?

A

Christopher Columbus, from the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa.

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6
Q

What is Rhum Industriel?

A

A rum made from molasses.

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7
Q

Where is Rhum Agricole produced?

A

Primarily in the West Indies, mainly Guadeloupe and Martinique. Small amount on La Reunion Island and Madeira.

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8
Q

What is hogo?

A

A term used by British merchants in the 18th and 19th centuries to refer to the “funk” peculiar to raw sugar-cane spirits.

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9
Q

What process in sugar cane spirit production may have been the cause for the term hogo?

A

Long fermentation in a bacteria rich environment.

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10
Q

What eliminates some of the hogo aromas/flavorings from sugar cane juice rums?

A

Long aging.

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11
Q

Who dominates the market for continental ageing?

A

The Dutch company E&A Scheer and their British subsidiary The Main Rum Company.

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12
Q

What are some tastes of darker rums?

A

Caramel, brown sugar, butterscotch, tobacco.

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13
Q

What are some common flavors of spiced rums?

A

Vanilla
Cinnamon

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14
Q

What is Overproof Rum?

A

Rum bottled at 62.5-75% ABV. Often used in rum punches. Also used for flambe.

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15
Q

What are some examples of independent rum bottlers?

A

Habittion Velier (Genoa, Italy)
Bristol Classic Rum (Bristol, England)
Smith & Cross (London)

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16
Q

Where is rum made from cane juice (other than Rhum Agricole) produced?

A

Haiti, Grenada, Brazil, and the Virgin Islands.

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17
Q

What rums have GI indications?

A

Martinique (AOC)
Jamaica
Venezuela
Cuba
Guyana

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18
Q

What are some aromas present in darker rums?

A

Molasses, maple, toffee, spice, vanilla, caramel, wood.

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19
Q

What are the four methods for making a spiced rum?

A

Maceration (with oak-aged spirit)
Brought in Flavorings directly in spirit.
Bought in flavorings to neutral spirit (and blend with aged spirit.)
Bought in flavorings and caramel coloring to an unaged spirit.

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20
Q

What are the color classifications for rum?

A

White
Amber/Gold
Dark

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21
Q

What are the categories of rum based on historical associations?

A

French Style
British Style
Spanish Style

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22
Q

What is French Style rum?

A

Originally modeled on French brandies. Produced using sugarcane rather than molasses. More grassy, fruity and floral notes.

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23
Q

When did the use of sugarcane juice in French Style rums begin?

A

Between 1810 and 1815.

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24
Q

What was a main cause of the use of sugarcane juice instead of molasses in French style rums?

A

Napoleon encouraged the planting of sugar beets in Europe as an alternative to Caribbean sugarcane. More than 300 sugar factories were built in France as a result. The islands were not able t sell their sugar at a profit and began to produce rum directly from raw sugarcane juice.

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25
Which areas produce French style rum?
Guadeloupe Haiti Martinique Grenada
26
What is British Style rum?
Dark, rich and heavy in style, with full body and pungent aroma.
27
What countries produce British style rum?
Jamaica Guyana Barbados Trinidad and Tobago St. Lucia
28
What is Spanish Style rum?
The lightest style of rum, made in continuous column stills with clean, floral, and delicate aromas.
29
Why is there a shorter history of Spanish style rums?
Prior to 1796, the Spanish Crown discouraged (or disallowed) its colonies to produce alcohol.
30
What countries produce Spanish style rum?
Cuba Puerto Rico St. Croix Guatemala Dominican Republic Nicaragua Panama Columbia Venezuela
31
How are Spanish style rums produced?
Using column distillation, cask aging and charcoal filtration.
32
What is the sweetness level of spiced rums?
Typically a medium level of sweetness.
33
What are some typical aromas of light colored rums?
Sugar, banana, flowers, vanilla
34
What is flavored rum?
In the US, a rum may be flavored and must be bottled at 30% minimum ABV. If there is a predominant flavor, it must appear on the label. EU rums cannot be flavored.
35
What is a flavored rum considered in Europe?
It is classified as an "other spirit drink" or if sweetened a liqueur.
36
What is the Gargano classification of rum?
A system of classification based on that used in Scotland, focuses on the type of distillation and whether it is a blend or single distillation. Not widely used or legally backed.
37
What are typical qualities of rums from Central America?
They typically have well-defined sugar cane, ester, and oak aromas. Smooth, with medium levels of sweetness. More mouth-filling than Cuban rums.
38
What is Cachaça?
A Brazilian sugar cane spirit produced from sugarcane juice.
39
What is the most popular distilled spirit in Brazil?
Cachaça
40
For a Cachaça label to have the term Cachaça de Alambique, how must it have been distilled?
Using copper pot stills.
41
What is Caipirinha?
A popular tropical drink made from Cachaça.
42
What type of still is required for the production of Cachaça?
There is no legal requirement.
43
What is Cachaça Envelhecida?
Cachaça where at least 50% of the volume of the spirit has been aged in a wood vessel no larger than 700 L (185 gallons) for at least a year. The name of the wood(s) used must be stated.
44
Is Cachaça usually aged or unaged?
Usually unaged, but some are aged in wood.
45
Besides sugarcane or molasses, what other product is allowed to be used in the production of Cachaça?
A small percentage of corn or corn syrup. However, only those with 100% sugarcane-based ferment may be sold as rum or Cachaça the US.
46
What are two types of indigenous wood sometimes used to age Cachaça?
Amendoim bravo and Araruva
47
What is the minimum ABV required in Brazil for Cachaça?
38% ABV. If imported to US must be 40%.
48
What is required to be on the label for Cachaça?
Information about the maturation process and the sugar content of the spirit. Distillation information is optional.
49
What is Extra Premium Cachaça?
A Cachaça where all of the spirit has been aged in a wood vessel of 700 L or less for at least three years. May include an age statement.
50
What are the two distillation types that may be on a label for Cachaça?
Cachaça de Alambique Cachaça (if doesn't fit above)
51
What is the label term for a Cachaça that contains less than 6 g/L of sugar?
Cachaça
52
What are the three terms that may be on a Cachaça label related to how it was matured?
Cachaça Envelhecida Cachaça Armazenada Cachaça (if does not meet one of above)
53
What is Cachaça Adoçada?
A spirit sweetened to between 6 and 30 g/L
54
What is Cachaça Armazenada?
Cachaça that is aged in a wood vessel but does not meet the requirements for Cachaça Envelhecida. The name(s) of the wood must be stated.
55
What type of wood is used to age Cachaça?
Oak Other indigenous hardwoods (eg Amendoim bravo and Araruva)
56
What is a Premium Cachaça?
A Cachaça where all of the spirit is aged in a wood vessel of 700 L or less for at least one year. It may include an age statement.
57
Can Cachaça be sweetened, and if so, by how much?
Yes, up to 30 g/L.
58
What are two additional labeling terms that can be used on Cachaça Envelhecida or Cachaça Armazenada?
Premium Extra Premium
59
What is the maximum abv for Cachaça?
48% ABV
60
What percentage of Cachaça is distilled using column stills?
Around 70%.
61
Where is the Solera method used in the maturation of sugar cane spirits?
Some distilleries in Central and South America, including Guatemala.
62
What is Ron Zacapa?
A rum from Guatemala.
63
What is Ron Abuelo?
A rum from Panama.
64
What is Seco Herrerano?
The national beverage of Panama, triple distilled from sugarcane, often compared with vodka.
65
What is Dictado?
A rum from Colombia
66
What types of rum are produced in Mauritius?
Until 2006, only molasses-based. Now sugarcane juice allowed. Also make Island Rum
67
Where is Mauritius?
In the Indian Ocean 1200 miles off the southeast coast of Africa.
68
Who was Pierre Charles Francois Harel?
Founded the first distillery in Mauritius.
69
What is Island Rum (from Mauritius)?
A flavored rum infused with pineapple, coconut, passion fruit, vanilla, and other local products.
70
What is Santa Teresa?
A rum from Venezuela.
71
What is Diplomatico?
A rum from Venezuela.
72
For how long has Venezuela produced rum?
Over 300 years.
73
What is the Denominacion de Origen Ron de Venezuela?
A set of standards for Venezuelan rum.
74
What are the requirements for Ron de Venezuela?
100% Venezuelan grown sugar Must be diluted to 120 proof before enters the barrel, must be aged in white oak (max 150 liters) for a minimum 2 years. Must be bottled between 40% and 50% ABV.
75
What are the three main rum regions in Venezuela?
Central West Region Central Region East Coast
76
Describe the Central West Venezuela Rum region.
Produces 80% of Venezuelan rum. Fruity and sweet.
77
What percentage of Venezuelan rum is produced in the Central Region?
15%
78
Describe the East Coast region of Venezuelan rum production.
Produces 5% of Venezuelan Rums Have a unique minerality - saltiness
79
Describe the East Coast region of Venezuelan rum production.
Produces 5% of Venezuelan Rums Have a unique minerality - saltiness
80
What is Flor de Caña?
A rum from Nicaragua.
81
What are the leading brands of rum from Nicaragua?
Flor de Caña (Compaña Licorera) Ron Fortuna Mombacho
82
How are most rums in Nicaragua produced?
Molasses-based and column-distilled. Wood aging is slower.
83
What is Batavia Arrack?
A spirit produced in Indonesia from sugarcane and red rice, fermented with local yeast. Pot stilled and unaged.
84
What is Tuzemak?
A traditional Czech spirit produced from potatoes or sugar beets. Typically sweetened and flavored, eg with cinnamon, anise, or caramel.
85
What is Charanda?
A sugarcane distillate produced in Mexico. Has DO status in Mexico. Allowed to be bottled at 35-55%, so doesn't always meet US or EU rum standards.
86
How is New England Style rum made?
From imported Caribbean molasses, in pot stills aged in oak for short periods of time with high congeners.
87
What is Medford Rum?
A rum made in the town of Medford, MA from the early 18th century until 1905.
88
Who was John Hall?
He opened the first Rum distillery in Medford MA around 1720.
89
Why was rum made in Massachusetts?
Molasses was an inexpensive product that served as ballast on return trips during trade missions to the sugar colonies of the West Indies.
90
What is Ronmiel de Canarias?
A GI status rum based liqueur from the Canary Islands. Flavored with at least 2% honey, diluted with water to be between 20-30% ABV.

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