rum nutrition

Question 1

what is the major contribution of ruminant livestock to global systems ?

Answer 1

to convert human inedible feed sources to human edible feed sources

Question 2

what percentage of habitable land is Agriculture ?

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

of the agriculture land what % is livestock and what % is crops ?

Answer 3

livestock = 75%
crops = 23%

Question 4

what does reducing the pre-grazing herbage mass do in terms of carb digestion ?

Answer 4

increases carb digestion in the rumen

Question 5

what type of loss is methane in ruminant animals ?

Answer 5

source of energy loss

Question 6

what is the VFA ratio

Answer 6

70:20:10
70% acetate
20% propionate
10% butyrate

Question 7

where does carb fermentation take place ?

Answer 7

Rumen

Question 8

what are the 3 types of ruminants ?

Answer 8

concentrate selectors
intermediate types
grass/roughage eaters

Question 9

do ruminants need to consume amino acids ?

Answer 9

no ruminants synthesise amino acids through non-protein nitrogen.

Question 10

what is pH of rumen

Answer 10

6.3 - 6.4

Question 11

Omasum has 2 pH’s what are they ?

Answer 11

6.4 and 4.2

Question 12

what are laminae

Answer 12

Epithelium arranged in folds

Question 13

how are nutrients absorbed in Omasum

Answer 13

through contracting of laminae to form vacuum to absorb nutrients. reticulo-omasalorifice.

Question 14

what nutrients are absorbed in the Omasum?

Answer 14

water
VFA
bacteria
particles under 1mm

Question 15

main functions of rumen ?

Answer 15

ferment
mix food with microbes
reduce particle size
eliminate gases

Question 16

what is volume of the rumen ?

Answer 16

80-100L

Question 17

what is rumen lined with ?

Answer 17

filiform and foliate epithelium

Question 18

function of Cranial pillar ?

Answer 18

holds digesta away from oesophagus, allows eructation of gases.

Question 19

what are 3 layers on components in rumen ?

Answer 19

liquid
fibre material
Gas cap

Question 20

function of reticulum ?

Answer 20

foodstuff formed into bolus and propelled back up oesophagus to be regurgitated.

Question 21

what does the reticulum control ?

Answer 21

the flow rate of digesta

Question 22

how is the abomasum unique in the ruminant ?

Answer 22

only stomach involved in secretions. these are pepsin and HCL.

Question 23

what origin are the majority of the amino acids that are broken down in the small intestine

Answer 23

of microbial origin

Question 24

which stomach does protein digestion begin

Answer 24

begins in the abomasum continued in the small intestine.

Question 25

what are 3 sources of rumen microbiota ?

Answer 25

bacteria Archaea Eukaryota

Question 26

what % of bacteria is bound to feed particles ?

Answer 26

75%

Question 27

what does rumen bacteria digest ?

Answer 27

sugar starch lipids protein

Question 28

difference between lipids and VFA's

Answer 28

lipids are broken down in rumen VFA's are not and lipids need to be bound to another particle eg phosphorus

Question 29

what are 4 types of rumen bacteria ?

Answer 29

* cellulolytic bacteria * amylolytic bacteria * lactate using bacteria * archaea hydrogen using bacteria

Question 30

at what pH does cellulolytic bacteria work best in ?

Answer 30

6.2 - 7.0

Question 31

how is the pH for cellulolytic bacteria regulated ?

Answer 31

* saliva * VFA being rapidly absorbed * Removal of hydrogen through methane

Question 32

what is cut off % of fat before fibre breakdown is affected ?

Answer 32

5%

Question 33

what are the primary substrates related to cellulolytic bacteria ?

Answer 33

cellulose hemicellulose pectin

Question 34

what would a high amount of acetate suggest in a diet ?

Answer 34

that it was a high fibre diet

Question 35

what % of rumen bacteria does amylolytic bacteria make up ?

Answer 35

25%

Question 36

what does amylolytic bacteria ferment ?

Answer 36

starch sugars peptides amino acids

Question 37

at what pH does amylolytic bacteria thrive ?

Answer 37

5.5 - 6

Question 38

how is lactate produced in rumen?

Answer 38

through amylolytic bacteria

Question 39

what is lactate in rumen ?

Answer 39

very strong acid (VFA) that can rapidly drop rumen pH if produced in large quantities.

Question 40

when can lactate become a problem with ruminants ?

Answer 40

during high sugar/starch diets if animals run out of feed lactate acid microbes produce large amounts on lactate dropping rumen pH causing acidosis.

Question 41

what is the lactate using bacteria ?

Answer 41

megasphaera elsendii

Question 42

how does lactate using bacteria help cellulolytic bacteria.

Answer 42

uses lactic acid as substrate for growth increasing rumen pH.

Question 43

how does hydrogen using bacteria play a positive role in our environment ?

Answer 43

reduces the amount of methane produced as uses up hydrogen.

Question 44

what % of the rumen mass is made up of protozoa ?

Answer 44

50%

Question 45

in what diets are high levels of protozoa seen ?

Answer 45

high fibre diets high starch diets

Question 46

how long can it take for rumen bacteria to grow ?

Answer 46

15 + hours

Question 47

why does archaea attach itself to protozoa ?

Answer 47

to get easy access to hydrogen

Question 48

how is protozoa unique ?

Answer 48

eat large amounts of starch at one time and store it in bodies.

Question 49

how does protozoa benefit the rumen?

Answer 49

slows down the production of acids increasing the rumen pH.

Question 50

optimum pH for cellulose digestion ?

Answer 50

6.0 - 6.8

Question 51

optimum pH for formation of VFA's

Answer 51

6.2 - 6.6

Question 52

optimum pH for synthesis of protein

Answer 52

6.3 - 7.4

Question 53

optimum pH for lactate production?

Answer 53

5.9 - 6.2

Question 54

what type of environment is fermentation?

Answer 54

anaerobic environment

Question 55

what are 2 types of fermentation ?

Answer 55

glycolysis fermentation of pyruvate

Question 56

what are the 3 breakdown pathways of pyruvate ?

Answer 56

respiration anaerobic glycolysis fermentation

Question 57

in the breakdown of pyruvate what does anaerobic glycolysis produce ?

Answer 57

lactic acid

Question 58

where are VFA's mostly absorbed ?

Answer 58

in the rumen with small % absorbed in omasum

Question 59

where are most of the nutrients absorbed ?

Answer 59

in the small intestine