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A Level History > RUSSIA Industry > Flashcards

RUSSIA Industry Flashcards

1
Q

What was ‘State capitalism’?

A

Transitional stage between old bourgeois economy and new proletarian one

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2
Q

What were the key measures of Lenin’s initial economic policy?

A

Land Decree October 1917; Decree on Workers’ Control November 1917; People’s Bank of the Russian Republic

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3
Q

Land Decree October 1917

A

Abolished private ownership of land which was now to be in the hands of ‘the people’

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4
Q

Decree on Workers’ Control November 1917

A

Placed control of factories into hands of industrial workers

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5
Q

People’s Bank of the Russian Republic

A

All private banks were nationalised and, along with the State bank, amalgamated into the People’s Bank of the Russian Republic

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6
Q

Why was the Vesenkha set up?

A

Workers’ councils voted for pay rises; managers with technical and industrial expertise were removed as revenge

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7
Q

Vesenkha

A

Supreme Council of the National Economy

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8
Q

When was the nationalisation of all industries with 10 or more workers?

A

June 1918

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9
Q

What were the key features of War Communism?

A

Nationalisation; Supreme Council of National Economy; reintroduction of hierarchical structures in industry; military-style discipline; private trading banned; bartering; forcible requisitioning of food; rationing

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10
Q

Which industries were exempt from nationalisation under War Communism?

A

Less than 10 workers

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11
Q

What did management replace under War Communism to instil discipline into the workers?

A

Workers’ Councils

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12
Q

What were the unemployed forced to join under War Communism?

A

‘Labour Armies’

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13
Q

Under War Communism, what was the death penalty introduced for?

A

All workers who went on strike

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14
Q

What type of work was done in the Labour Armies?

A

Road building; woodland clearance

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15
Q

Under War Communism, what developed because the state could not satisfy demand?

A

A large black market in goods

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16
Q

How did many workers receive wages under War Communism?

A

In goods rather than money

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17
Q

How many Bolshevik volunteers were used to seize grain under War Communism?

A

150,000

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18
Q

Why was rationing introduced under War Communism?

A

To ensure that despite food shortages, workers in the cities were fed

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19
Q

What did War Communism do to the economy?

A

Ensured that Red Army got resources it needed to fight and win civil war but left economy in state of collapse

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20
Q

What had happened to industry by the end of the war?

A

Ground to a virtual standstill- production of heavy industry had fallen to 20% of its 1913 level

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21
Q

What happened with food production by the end of the war?

A

Fallen to 48% of the 1913 figure

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22
Q

Which key features of war communism were especially disliked by the Russian population?

A

Rationing; use of managers and return to hierarchical systems within factories

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23
Q

Why was the system of rationing disliked?

A

Size of rations dependent on social classification a person was given

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24
Q

Which aspects of War Communism were most resented in the countryside?

A

Forcible requisitioning of food; plans to get rid of the Mir

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25
Q

Mir

A

Organisation made up of village elders that controlled the peasants and their agricultural work

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26
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks want to get rid of the Mir?

A

Obstacle to their own control over the countryside and their aim of introducing collective farms

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27
Q

When did War Communism peasant resentment against the government come to a head?

A

Series of uprisings in 1920-21, in the important grain areas of the Volga basin, North Caucasus and Western Siberia

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28
Q

Tambov Rising

A

Most serious of the peasant uprisings in central Russia-

peasants reacted violently to requisitioning teams arriving to seize grain

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29
Q

What did it take to put down the Tambov Rising?

A

50,000 Red Army troops

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30
Q

Kronstadt Mutiny

A

Mutiny of sailors stationed at the Kronstadt naval base against the imposition of orders on the local soviet by the Bolshevik government

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31
Q

What was the key cause of the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

Increase in power of the Party and its officials at the expense of the workers

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32
Q

What were the key features of NEP in industry?

A

Returned small-scale industry to private hands; state-owned factories used piecework/bonuses to raise production; reintroduction of currency for paying wages; legalisation of private trading; ‘Nepmen’

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33
Q

What did the NEP allow the government to keep control of in industry?

A

Heavy industry, transport and the banks

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34
Q

Why did the legalisation of private trading occur?

A

Logical way of stopping a growing black market

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35
Q

Why was the NEP viewed by some as a retreat back to capitalism?

A

Accepted private industry and private trade

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36
Q

What were the three main aims of the NEP?

A

Retain power; revive the economy; build socialism

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37
Q

What was the success of the NEP?

A

Industrial output rose rapidly during the first 3 years

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38
Q

Why did industrial output rise so rapidly at the beginning of the NEP?

A

Repair of roads/bridges damaged during the civil war; existing factories put back into production; better harvests in 1922-23; enterprising Nepmen

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39
Q

What were the less desirable aspects of the NEP?

A

Corruption through a black market; widespread prostitution; ‘scissors crisis’; gangs of children stealing and selling goods

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40
Q

What was the ‘Scissors crisis’?

A

Imbalance between agricultural and industrial goods: as food prices fell, the price of industrial goods rose- low prices for grain discouraged the peasants from growing food for the market

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41
Q

How was the scissors crisis resolved?

A

State intervention- government stepped in to regulate prices in December 1923

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42
Q

What was industrial production by 1924?

A

45% of its 1913 figure

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43
Q

What had happened to the economy by 1926?

A

Much of the pre-war economy had been restored

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44
Q

What was the key to further economic growth after 1926?

A

Increasing food production in order to support more industrial workers and gain foreign exchange for new technology and machinery

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45
Q

Who called for the continuation of the NEP?

A

Bukharin; Stalin

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46
Q

What did Trotsky and those on the left of the Bolshevik Party call for?

A

Greater state control over the economy in order to increase the pace of growth

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47
Q

What had happened to world trade since the Communist takeover in 1917?

A

Severely reduced

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48
Q

What were the Five-Year plans designed to do?

A

Break away from the NEP with its capitalist elements; bring about rapid industrialisation to modernise the economy and move towards socialism

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49
Q

When was the 1FYP?

A

1928-1932

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50
Q

What was the 1FYP?

A

Concentrated on rapid growth in heavy industry; consumer industries were neglected

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51
Q

What was the original justification for the focus of the 1FYP?

A

The need to build up an industrial infrastructure before other sectors could flourish

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52
Q

How much of the workforce was skilled in Moscow in 1933?

A

17%

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53
Q

When was the 2FYP?

A

1933-1937

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54
Q

What was the 2FYP?

A

Initially set higher targets for production of consumer goods, but rise of Hitler redirected focus onto the needs of defence

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55
Q

When was the 3FYP?

A

1938-1941

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56
Q

What was the 3FYP?

A

Geared even more directly towards arms production to meet the threat of Germany

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57
Q

Who was the approach taken in the 1FYP recommended by?

A

‘Superindustrialisers’

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58
Q

What did Superindustrialisers believe?

A

Agricultural surpluses should be seized by state in order to invest in industry; heavy industry was the priority

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59
Q

When was the period of the greatest expansion of the Gulags?

A

1929-1953- 18 million prisoners, out of a population of 180 million, passed through the system

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60
Q

How much did coal production increase by under the FYPs?

A

From 35.4m tons in 1927 to 165.9m tons in 1945

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61
Q

Why was labour productivity so low in the USSR?

A

Low pay; long hours; lack of incentives in the system (especially in the 1FYP)

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62
Q

How much of government spending was allocated to rearmament by 1940?

A

1/3

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63
Q

What were the production problems with the FYPs?

A

Production quality was low; FYPs didn’t specify what materials should be used; little coordination between factories; FYPs themselves disorganised and undermined by Stalin’s other policies; effectiveness of FYPs undermined by unrealistic targets set by Gosplan

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64
Q

Why did Stalin change his mind about the NEP?

A

It was failing

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65
Q

What was the direct event that caused Stalin to end the NEP?

A

Kulak grain strike/grain procurement crisis

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66
Q

What was the state of the economy that the Bolsheviks took over in October 1917?

A

Chaotic

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67
Q

What was clear about the Soviet economy by 1985?

A

It was stagnating as growth came to a halt

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68
Q

How did the peasantry feel about the Land Decree October 1917?

A

Finally given control over the land they farmed and worked

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69
Q

When was the People’s Bank of the Russian Republic created?

A

27 December 1917

70
Q

What did the early stages of Soviet economic policy up to the summer of 1918 show?

A

Stresses of an economic policy that was trying to ensure economic growth; obvious tension between worker self-management and government control through central planning

71
Q

Why was War Communism introduced?

A

To ensure that the Red Army was supplied with enough food and resources to win

72
Q

What actually caused the collapse of the Russian currency and its replacement by bartering post-WW1?

A

Raging inflation

73
Q

What was the ideological basis for War Communism?

A

Measures aligned with the long-term aim of the Bolsheviks to abolish private enterprise; could be seen as the application of communist ideology

74
Q

What can War Communism also be seen as?

A

Response to problems that resulted from the rush of early Bolshevik decrees

75
Q

What did the War Communism forcible requisitioning of food lead to?

A

Rise in tension in the countryside; serious outbreaks of violence; malnutrition and starvation

76
Q

Who received preferential treatment in the forcible requisitioning of food under War Communism?

A

Industrial workers whose work was crucial to the war effort

77
Q

What was industrial production like by 1921?

A

1/5 of the figure for 1913

78
Q

What effect did the Kronstadt Mutiny have on the government?

A

Shock to Bolshevik leadership; key factor in Lenin’s decision to change his economic policy

79
Q

Why was the Kronstadt Mutiny such as shock to the Bolsheviks?

A

It was a group that had previously been a mainstay of the Revolution

80
Q

When was the NEP introduced?

A

1921

81
Q

Why did the government compromise with the peasantry for the NEP?

A

Without increased food production, the economy would never be able to revive

82
Q

When was a currency reintroduced for paying wages?

A

1921

83
Q

What was the reintroduction of a currency for paying wages seen by many communists as?

A

Re-emergence of capitalism

84
Q

Who was particularly hostile towards the NEP?

A

Left-wing Bolsheviks

85
Q

What did Lenin and his supporters see the NEP as?

A

Short-term remedy

86
Q

Why did Stalin argue that the NEP needed to go?

A

Compromise with the peasantry was holding back the industrialisation of the Soviet Union

87
Q

When did Stalin make the decision to introduce a command economy?

A

1928

88
Q

What is the period of 1928-41 referred to as?

A

‘Stalin’s Revolution’

89
Q

What was industrialisation an important part of?

A

Stalin’s cry of ‘Socialism in one country’

90
Q

When was the decision to abandon the NEP and push for rapid industrialisation made?

A

After the Fifteenth Party Congress in 1927

91
Q

Who was industrialisation placed under the direction of?

A

Gosplan

92
Q

When had there been show trials against bourgeois experts?

A

1928

93
Q

What was industrial expansion under the 1FYP largely the result of?

A

Making more efficient use of existing factories and equipment

94
Q

Under the 1FYP, which large industrial centres were built from scratch?

A

Magnitogorsk; Gorki

95
Q

What was the most notorious example of the use of labour camp prisoners?

A

White Sea Canal project

96
Q

Why was the White Sea Canal project a waste of time?

A

To reduce costs and speed up construction, depth was reduced, rendering the canal useless for all but small barges

97
Q

Who was put under immense pressure to achieve targets as well as workers?

A

Factory managers

98
Q

What is an example of quality being sacrificed under the 1FYP?

A

Stalingrad tractor factory- was supposed to be producing 500 a month in 1930 but only managed 8 in June

99
Q

How long did it take most of the tractors produced in the Stalingrad tractor factory to break down in June 1930?

A

3 days

100
Q

What did the 2FYP make more use of after lessons learned from the chaotic planning of the 1FYP?

A

Technical expertise

101
Q

What in particular rose substantially during the 2FYP?

A

Coal production

102
Q

How did other industries fare under the 2FYP?

A

Chemical industry also made progress; oil industry remained disappointing

103
Q

Where was much of the new industry located under the 2YFP and 3FYP?

A

Remoter areas of the USSR, such as Kazakhstan

104
Q

Where was new industry deliberately located under the 2YFP and 3FYP?

A

East of the Ural Mountains

105
Q

What was there definitely rapid growth in under the first 3 FYPs?

A

Engineering industry; transportation

106
Q

What was the overall growth rate of 1928-41?

A

17%

107
Q

What was one of the most important examples of the successful completion of projects to provide power for the growth in industry?

A

Dneiper dam project

108
Q

Which industry actually declined under the 1FYP?

A

Textile industry

109
Q

Why was the shortage of consumer goods under the first 3 FYPs made worse?

A

Collectivisation of agriculture had destroyed a lot of cottage industry previously undertaken in rural areas

110
Q

What was the problem with progress made under the first 3 FYPs?

A

Unbalanced- 4-fold increase in steel production and 6-fold increase in coal production

111
Q

Under which plan were there some advances in consumer goods?

A

2FYP

112
Q

Which areas of consumer goods made significant increases under the first 3 FYPs?

A

Footwear production; food processing

113
Q

What have often been highlighted as factors that limited the achievements of Stalin’s economic policy?

A

Chaotic implementation and planning

114
Q

What seemed to prove that Stalin’s aim of transforming the country into a modern industrial society under the first 3 FYPs had been achieved?

A

Soviet Union defended itself against an attack by Nazi Germany between 1941-45

115
Q

When was the 4FYP?

A

1946-50

116
Q

What was the 4FYP?

A

Economic reconstruction- rigid state control reinforced over the war-shattered economy; focus on heavy industry, with production of armaments receiving particular attention

117
Q

What were the results of the 4FYP like?

A

Impressive- especially the metal industry and heavy engineering; Plan was overfulfilled

118
Q

What helped industrial production to recover quickly under the 4FYP?

A

Use of 2 million slave labourers from the Gulag

119
Q

What was an important factor in the 4FYP achieving such quick results?

A

Strong central planning by the government

120
Q

What were some of the failures of the 4FYP?

A

Problems persisted; consumer industries remained neglected; economy had returned to the priorities of the 1930s

121
Q

What were some features of the 4FYP?

A

Redirection of wartime labour for the purpose of reconstruction; retraining programmes; harsh penalties for slackers

122
Q

When was the 5FYP?

A

1951-55

123
Q

What was the 5FYP?

A

Set out to achieve continued growth, albeit at a slower and perhaps more realistic rate; emergence of the Cold War resulted in an increase in arms expenditure

124
Q

What was one of the most iconic projects of the 5FYP?

A

Volga-Don Canal- carried very little traffic and was adorned with statues of Stalin

125
Q

When did the living standards in the towns post-war recover?

A

1948

126
Q

When was the 6FYP?

A

1956-60

127
Q

What was the 6FYP?

A

Virgin Lands Scheme

128
Q

When were the Seven-Year Plans?

A

1959-65

129
Q

What did the Seven Year Plans focus on?

A

Promotion of light industry; shift of emphasis from coal to oil and gas due to the discovery of new mineral resources, especially in the Volga-Urals fields

130
Q

Why did Khrushchev focus on improving social stability?

A

Due to the reduction of terror

131
Q

Why did Khrushchev want to focus on light industry?

A

Broaden base of Soviet economy; start to bring real benefits to the lives of the Soviet population

132
Q

What challenges did Khrushchev’s economic policy face?

A

Vast bureaucratic system of administrators based in Moscow and use of terror stifled initiative; system was clumsy and wasteful

133
Q

What did Khrushchev set up in 1957?

A

105 Regional Economic Councils (Sovnarkhozy) to supervise enterprises

134
Q

How did Khrushchev alter the harsh labour laws of Stalin?

A

Working week reduced from 48 hours to 41 by 1960

135
Q

What did Khrushchev put greater emphasis on in order to support industrial developments?

A

Vocational education

136
Q

Why was there a focus on chemical industry as part of the Seven-Year Plan?

A

Linked to the increased targets for consumer goods

137
Q

Under the Seven-Year Plan, how much of available investment did areas east of the Urals receive?

A

40%

138
Q

When did Yuri Gagarin make it to space?

A

1961

139
Q

How were consumer goods affected by the 2FYP?

A

More choice for consumers but the quality was often poor

140
Q

What was the annual growth rate of the Soviet economy in the 1950s?

A

7.1%

141
Q

Why did the Sovnarkhozy experiment make national planning more difficult?

A

Requirements of local enterprises were harder to foresee

142
Q

When had economic growth slowed by?

A

1964

143
Q

When was the 9FYP?

A

1971-75

144
Q

What was the 9FYP?

A

Placed a particular emphasis on consumer goods- rate of growth in the production of consumer goods was higher than that of heavy industry

145
Q

How effective was the 9FYP?

A

Goals were not fulfilled but the growth achieved was still impressive and living standards rose

146
Q

What did the Bolsheviks believe as communists about the economy?

A

It should be in the hands of the workers and peasants themselves

147
Q

Why was the economy devastated at the time that the Bolsheviks took over?

A

WW1; chaos unleashed by Revolution

148
Q

When did the government attempt to rejuvenate the economy early on in the regime?

A

1917-28

149
Q

Why, politically, was state capitalism introduced?

A

Bolsheviks couldn’t retain control if the workers and peasants were acting on their own initiative

150
Q

When was the role of government in the economy greatly increased for the first time?

A

Civil war

151
Q

What was the collapse of Russian currency and its replacement with bartering seen as by some?

A

Sign of liberation from capitalism

152
Q

When was Vesenkha set up?

A

1917

153
Q

Why did the government replace War Communism with the NEP?

A

Reality of the social and economic situation; worrying deterioration of political position of the Bolsheviks

154
Q

When did the Bolsheviks draw up plans to get rid of the Mir?

A

Under War Communism

155
Q

What led to a widespread famine under War Communism?

A

Breakdown in the transport and distribution systems

156
Q

How many people died from famine and disease in the 1920s?

A

20 million

157
Q

What did the severity of the Tambov Rising do to the government?

A

Put pressure on it to change its policy

158
Q

What did the introduction of the NEP coincide with?

A

Arrest of many Mensheviks; outlawing of all other political parties

159
Q

What did the NEP result in?

A

Mixed economy whereby private ownership coexisted alongside state control

160
Q

When did a series of events occur that raised the spectre of a foreign invasion of the USSR?

A

1927

161
Q

What was the political dimension to the decision to extend state control over the economy with the FYPs?

A

Greater state control would remove Nepmen and kulaks; gave Stalin an opportunity to consolidate his hold over the Party leadership

162
Q

When did Moscow’s first train lines open?

A

1935

163
Q

When did a drop in food production cause Stalin to change his mind about the NEP?

A

1927-28

164
Q

What was a success of the FYPs between 1939-41?

A

9 aircraft factories

165
Q

What were the reasons for economic decline by the 1980s?

A

Legacy of Stalinist system; problems inherent in command economy; ‘social contract’; lack of investment; outdated technology; dominance of military-industrial complex

166
Q

Which companies did the Soviet government sign deals with in an attempt to address their outdated technology?

A

Fiat and Renault

167
Q

How much of Soviet resources did the military-industrial complex soak up?

A

18%

168
Q

When were major industrial complexes joined with scientific research institutions in an attempt to ensure that the latest technology was applied to production?

A

1973

169
Q

How many Soviet families had televisions by 1980?

A

85%

170
Q

What was invested heavily in under the 9FYP?

A

Public transport

171
Q

Why was it impressive that Brezhnev had ensured that resources would continue to be given to consumer industries and agriculture under the 9FYP?

A

Influence of the military-industrial complex

172
Q

What was the focus of Andropov’s economic policy?

A

Removal of corruption from within the system; improving labour discipline

A Level History (34 decks)

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