S2_L1: The Neuron

Question 1

What forms the plasma membrane of the axon?

Answer 1

Axolemma

Question 2

What part of the neuron receives stimulus from the another neurons?

Answer 2

Dendrites

Question 3

What is the myelin sheath made of?

Answer 3

Schwann cells

Question 4

Where does protein synthesis occur in a neuron?

Answer 4

Nissl substance

Question 5

What carries impulses away from the cell body?

Answer 5

Axon

Question 6

Where are the neurotransmitters found?

Answer 6

Synapse

Question 7

Dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine are types of?

Answer 7

Neurotransmitters

Question 8

What do you call the spaces in between myelin sheaths?

Answer 8

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE: Neurons only have one shape.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE: Like neurons, glial cells are excitable.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE: All nerves can regenerate after injury

Answer 11

True

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE: Peripheral nerves can re-innervate.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE: Nerves in the CNS can regenerate, but not re-innervate.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What do you call the process of nerve damage?

Answer 14

Wallerian degeneration

Question 15

What glial cell/s form scaffolds for immature neurons?

Answer 15

Astrocytes, radial glial cells

Question 16

What glial cell provides myelin to the CNS?

Answer 16

Oligodendrocytes

Question 17

What cells support neurons?

Answer 17

Glial cells

Question 18

Association neuron that acts as connections in between big neurons

Answer 18

Interneurons

Question 19

Group of cell bodies outside the CNS

Answer 19

Ganglion

Question 20

Group of cell bodies in the CNS

Answer 20

Nucleus

Question 21

Neuron that has one process but it divides into 2 (2 goes out of the main stem). It is found in extremities, skin of fingers and an example of it is the posterior root ganglion

Answer 21

Pseudounipolar

Question 22

Longest cranial nerve

Answer 22

vagus nerve

start from cranium and innervates the heart, stomach until it
reaches the transverse half of the large intestine

Question 23

Exhibits the fluid mosaic model and site of protein ribosome synthesis

Answer 23

Neurolemma

Question 24

For ribosomal subunit assembly and rRNA synthesis

Answer 24

Nucleolus

Question 25

Breakdown of colors. This happens when you injure, denervate or cut the nerve. The Nissl substance is lost.

Answer 25

Chromatolysis

Question 26

TRUE OR FALSE: The dura matter is the covering that supports the brain and does not have neurons.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

TRUE OR FALSE: Since the Nissl substance is absent in the axons, it is not present in the Schwann cells and myelin sheath.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

External boundary of the cell and the site of initiation and conduction of impulses.

Answer 28

Plasma membrane

Question 29

These increase the surface area to 90% and are numerous in areas for precise tactile discrimination.

Answer 29

Dendrites

Question 30

The ___ is the most excitable part of the motor nerve

Answer 30

Initial segment of the axon

Question 31

The ___ is the most excitable part of the sensory nerve

Answer 31

First node of Ranvier

Question 32

Also called lockjaw. Open wounds, lacerations, punctured wounds, and animal bites may cause this.

Answer 32

Tetanus

Question 33

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of axon transport 1. Guided by microtubules 2. For membrane bound organelles, mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles 3. Needs metabolic energy and Ca++ 4. For proteins dissolved in cytoplasm 5. Cannot communicate with others without neurotransmitters A. Slow axonal transport B. Fast axonal transport

Answer 33

1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B

Question 34

Axon transport from soma to axon terminal. It is for the replenishment of synaptic vesicles and enzymes for neurotransmission.

Answer 34

Anterograde / orthograde

Question 35

Axon transport from axon terminal to soma. It returns all synaptic vesicles back to the soma for lysosomal degradation.

Answer 35

Retrograde

Question 36

Glial cell that acts as the first line of protection and electrical insulators on synaptic contacts. This absorbs GABA and glutamic acid and takes up excess K+. It also acts as a barrier for the spread of neurotransmitter at synapses.

Answer 36

Astrocytes

Question 37

The formation of myelin sheaths in the CNS begins on the ___ week of gestation to walking.

Answer 37

16th

Question 38

Glial cell that controls hormone production of the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 38

Ependymal cells

Question 39

Glial cells active during development and serves as guide posts & scaffoldings to the immature neurons.

Answer 39

Radial glial cells

Question 40

In stroke, neurons undergo wallerian degeneration and there is a golden period when interventions must be given to the patient so that the neuronal buds will be forced to look at its previous innervation which will receive nerve growth factor (NGF) and innervation will happen. How long is the golden period?

Answer 40

For the first 6 months (when the patient is safe)

Question 41

In nerve regeneration, the damaged neuron will create ___ at about 3-5 mm per day. Then, these will be guided by the Schwann cells until it reaches the destination, the axons will be reformed and Schwann cells will wrap around the axon.

Answer 41

Neuronal buds

Question 42

When a nerve is cut, severed, or injured, what changes occur in the nerve cell body?

Answer 42

Becomes inflamed or circular and Nissl substance disappears (Chromatolysis)

Question 43

When a nerve is cut, severed, or injured, what changes occur in the proximal axon?

Answer 43

Disintegrates within 7 days, nerve becomes wavy, Schwann cells will retract its processes or unwrap itself from axon

Question 44

When a nerve is cut, severed, or injured, what changes occur in the distal axon?

Answer 44

Disintegrates after 5-7 days, nerve becomes wavy and synapse will slightly be inflated. Schwann cells will retract its processes or unwrap itself from axon.

Question 45

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the Seddon-Sunderland Classification of Nerve Compression 1. Focal conduction block 2. Epineurium is intact 3. Disruption of axonal continuity 4. Loss of axonal continuity and endoneural tubes 5. Motor and proprioceptors affected, local compression only A. Type 1 (Neuropraxia) B. Type 2 (Axonotmesis) C. Type 3 (Axonotmesis) D. Type 4 (Axonotmesis) E. Type 5 (Neurotmesis)

Answer 45

1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A

Question 46

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the Seddon-Sunderland Classification of Nerve Compression 1. Endoneural tubes, perineurium, and epineurium intact 2. Severance of entire nerve 3. Perineurium and epineurium are preserved 4. No Wallerian degeneration 5. Loss of axonal continuity, endoneural tubes, & perineurium A. Type 1 (Neuropraxia) B. Type 2 (Axonotmesis) C. Type 3 (Axonotmesis) D. Type 4 (Axonotmesis) E. Type 5 (Neurotmesis)

Answer 46

1. B 2. E 3. C 4. A 5. D