S2_L4: The Neuromuscular Junction, Neurotransmitters, and Neuromodulators

Question 1

What is the neurotransmitter of alpha motor neurons?

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

What do you call the depressions where the axon terminal imbeds?

Answer 2

Motor-end plate

Question 3

What is peculiar with the NMJ?

Answer 3

It has junctional folds

Question 4

TRUE OR FALSE: The NMJ has active zones and dense bars

Answer 4

True

Question 5

TRUE OR FALSE: A propagated potential is always produced at the NMJ

Answer 5

True

Question 6

TRUE OR FALSE: Even at rest, small quanta of ACh is released at the NMJ of skeletal muscle

Answer 6

True

Question 7

TRUE OR FALSE: The NMJ of smooth and cardiac muscles have
recognizable end plates

Answer 7

False

Question 8

TRUE OR FALSE: The axon terminal in the NMJ of smooth muscles contain many neurotransmitters.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE: It is possible to produce inhibitory end-plate potentials at the NMJ of skeletal muscles

Answer 9

False

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE: The synapse en passant can produce inhibitory potentials in smooth muscles

Answer 10

True

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE: The more receptors, the more selective the neurotransmitters are

Answer 11

True

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE: There are receptors found in the presynaptic cell

Answer 12

True

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE: Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are cation channels

Answer 13

True

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE: Reuptake mechanisms serve to terminate
neurotransmission

Answer 14

True

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE: Metabotropic receptors are complex cation channels

Answer 15

False

Question 16

TRUE OR FALSE: The AMPA and Kainate Receptors are simple cation channels found in glial cells & neurons that permit Na+ influx & K+ efflux.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What do you call a transient depolarization at the NMJ where each nerve impulse releases 60 ACh vesicles?

Answer 17

End-plate potential

Question 18

What is the pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 18

Antibodies attach to ACh receptors

Question 19

What is the pathophysiology of Eaton-Lambert Syndrome?

Answer 19

Antibodies attack the presynaptic calcium channels

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE: A clinical manifestation of myasthenia gravis is near normal strength at first then gradually weakens.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What do you call the NMJ found in smooth and cardiac muscles?

Answer 21

Synapse en passant

Question 22

What cholinergic receptors are found in skeletal muscles?

Answer 22

Nicotinic

Question 23

What cholinergic receptors are found in smooth muscles?

Answer 23

Muscarinic

Question 24

What enzyme forms Ach?

Answer 24

Choline acetyltransferas

Question 25

What do you call neurons that have norepinephrine as their transmitter?

Answer 25

Noradrenergic

Question 26

From what amino acid does the catecholamines get synthesized from?

Answer 26

Tyrosine

Question 27

What neurotransmitter is for temperature regulation, sensory perception, and onset of sleep?

Answer 27

Serotonin

Question 28

What neurotransmitter is for arousal and sexual behavior?

Answer 28

Histamine

Question 29

Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter? A. Glutamate B. Aspartate C. Glycine D. GABA

Answer 29

D. GABA

Question 30

What receptors are the ones with Mg++ ion block?

Answer 30

NMDA

Question 31

What neurotransmitter is responsible for redness of the skin?

Answer 31

Substance P

Question 32

What synaptic learning is responsible for short term memory?

Answer 32

Post-tetanic potentiation

Question 33

What receptor is stimulated for long-term memory?

Answer 33

NMDA

Question 34

Biological transducers that convert electrical energy to chemical energy

Answer 34

Neurotransmitters

Question 35

Which of the following are excitatory NTs? A. Glutamate B. Aspartate C. Glycine D. GABA E. A and B F. A, B, and C

Answer 35

F. A, B, and C

Question 36

In the bronchioles, norepinephrine will act via ___ and bronchodilation results.

Answer 36

Alpha 1 (for respiratory tract)

Question 37

In the vascular system, norepinephrine will act via ___ and vasoconstriction results.

Answer 37

Alpha 2 (for blood vessels)

Question 38

In the chambers of the heart, norepinephrine will act via ___ to produce faster heart rate and good quality contractions.

Answer 38

Beta 1 and Beta 2

Question 39

Receptors that decrease cAMP and increase potassium conductance, potassium exits the cardiac muscle and is hyperpolarized. These receptors decrease activity of the heart and come from innervation of vagus nerve.

Answer 39

M2 receptors (Muscarinic 2)

Question 40

When ACh will be exocytosed, it is acted upon by an enzyme in the postsynaptic membrane called ___ to break it down into choline and acetate.

Answer 40

acetylcholinesterase

Question 41

A neurotransmitter released by endothelium of blood vessels. It acts as a vasodilator and it is used in the management of acute hypertension. It also mediates long-term depression in synaptic plasticity and learning.

Answer 41

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 42

Serotonin (5-HT) is inactivated by ___

Answer 42

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 43

Dopamine has 5 receptors. Enumerate those that increase and those that decrease cAMP.

Answer 43

Increase cAMP: D1 & D5 Decrease cAMP: D2, D3, & D4

Question 44

TRUE OR FALSE: Norepinephrine has more affinity to the beta adrenergic receptors.

Answer 44

False

Question 45

When there is epinephrine in an area, what occurs?

Answer 45

(+) chronotropic effect, (+) inotropic effect

Question 46

To form acetylcholine in the presynaptic cell, choline is combined with ___ which will be acted upon by choline acetyltransferase

Answer 46

Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

Question 47

Cocaine inhibits ___ uptake which creates hallucination

Answer 47

dopamine

Question 48

In the peripheral nervous system, once a nerve gets denervated (underwent wallerian degeneration), the muscle is contracting uncontrollably but is a nonfunctional contraction, known as ___

Answer 48

Fasciculations

Question 49

Betablockers, with the suffix -olols, block the binding of ___ to beta receptors. These are considered good antihypertensive drugs.

Answer 49

Norepinephrine