SAC 3 PREP

Question 1

What is old public health?

Answer 1

They were government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.

Question 2

What is the biomedical model of health?

Answer 2

Biomedical model of health focuses on the physical and biological aspects of diseases .It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Question 3

What is the social model of health?

Answer 3

A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and well being are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order to achieve health gains, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.

Question 4

What are the differences between the social and biomedical model of health?

Answer 4

Biomedical: It is a Band aid or quick fix approach that focuses on biological and physical aspects of diseases and illness.
Social: Addresses the broader influences on health that focuses on the (SEE) social, environmental and economic aspects of diseases and illness.

Biomedical: Focuses on the individual and attempts them to return to pre-illness state and is concerned with the condition itself.
Social: Focuses on the community and preventing illness in the community and is concerned with the influences and underlying causes for ill health (rather than condition itself).

Question 5

Explain the relationship between the biomedical and social model of health?

Answer 5

There are both advantages and disadvantages of both models of health. Neither is superior model of health as both are vital to health of Australians.
Rather, there is a relationship between the biomedical and social model of health, in that the two will work simultaneously to improve health of Australians.
Think it like this
The biomedical model of health is the short term or “band aid’ approach used in the meantime to diagnose and treat (I.e. putting a band aid over) existing illnesses and conditions that arise in the future. The biomedical model of health focuses on short term goals.
While the social model of health is working in the background while all of this is going on, by educating people and addressing the underlying causes of such diseases and illnesses. Thus, social model focuses on the long-term goals.

Question 6

2 prerequisites identified in Ottawa carter?

Answer 6

Sustainable resources refer to whether current resources required for good health and wellbeing are available for future generations also.
A stable ecosystem-Ensures that the basic resources needed for survival can be regenerate at the same rate they are being used up.

Social justice-Relates to equal rights and opportunities for all regardless of sex, class, income, ethnicity religion, age, sex etc.

Question 7

Explain what is meant by mediate

Answer 7

different groups have different wants and needs. Mediating relates to helping different groups resolve conflict and produce outcomes that promote health and well being.

Question 8

Explain what is meant by advocate

Answer 8

Showing active support and initiative for health promotion, lobbying governments, health sector groups to improve access to health care and have. better health care services.

Question 9

Explain what is meant by enable?

Answer 9

Creating supportive environments by providing access to knowledge and fostering skills ,which allows (or rather enables)people to reach their fullest health potential.

Question 10

What is Medicare?

Answer 10

Medicare is Australia’s universal health insurance scheme. It provides all Australian citizens, permanent residents and people from countries that have reciprocal agreements access to health care at no out of pocket cost.

Question 11

What is pbs?

Answer 11

The PBS is Australia’s essential medicine subsidy scheme that allows Australians to have access to many medicines at a subsidised cost. (PBS) Subsidiaries the cost of many medications listed on the PBS list (about 4000 medications are on the list) and is available to all Australian.

Question 12

What is private health insurance?

Answer 12

Private health insurance is a type of insurance where members pay a small amount of fee monthly to cover the costs of health-related services not covered by Medicare.

Question 13

What is NDIS?

Answer 13

The NDIS is a scheme implemented by the National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA), an independent agency The NDIA partners with Australian government to provide support to Australians with disabilities and their loved ones.

Question 14

How is Medicare funded?

Answer 14

Medicare is funded through three ways:
General taxation
Medicare levy
Medicare levy surcharge
Most taxpayers pay an extra 2 per cent of their income in the form of the Medicare levy. Those who are considered to be high-income earners who do not have private health insurance pay an extra 1–1.5 per cent, called the Medicare levy surcharge. Medicare requires more funds than this to operate, however, so funds from general taxation are also used to fund Medicare.

Question 15

What services are covered by Medicare?

Answer 15

Doctors (G. P’s)
Specialist consultations at public hospitals
Public hospitals (including surgery and follow up procedures)
X-rays and pathology tests (e.g. blood tests)
Eye tests

Question 16

What services are not covered by Medicare?

Answer 16

Treatment in private hospitals
Dental and allied health services (e.g. physiotherapy, chiropractors, acupuncturist.)
Elective treatment (e.g. cosmetic surgery)
Ambulances
Health aids (e.g. glasses, hearing aids, prosthetics)

Question 17

Why was a re bate for private health insurance introduced in 1999?

Answer 17

When Medicare was introduced, many people opted out of private health insurance because they could access essential treatments without having to pay expensive private health insurance premiums. This put a strain on the public health system as fewer people were using private hospitals. In order to encourage people back into private health insurance, the government introduced three main incentives
In 1999, the government introduced the 30 per cent rebate incentive. Under this scheme, policyholders received a 30 per cent rebate (or refund) on their premiums for private health insurance. Although the government is paying substantial amount to fund this incentive, it increases the affordability of private health insurance and generates much-needed funds for the health system. It also increases the proportion of people using theprivate system which takes pressure off public hospitals, especially for elective surgery.

Question 18

How does private health insurance assists in health care system?

Answer 18

It provides people with greater choice in terms of the care they receive.
It contributes essential services and much needed health system funding.
It also increases the proportion of people using the private system which takes pressure off public hospitals, especially for elective surgery.

Question 19

what does the action area building public health policy mean?

Answer 19

Build healthy public policy recognises that decisions made by governments and other organisations in relation to laws and policies affect health and wellbeing.

Question 20

what does the action area Re-orient health service involve?

Answer 20

By reorienting health services away from a curative to a more preventative approach, and one which promotes health, barriers such as cultural and language barriers, economic barriers and education levels are more likely to be addressed.

Question 21

what does the action area Develop personal skills involve?

Answer 21

. Educating people and building their health literacy helps empower people to be able to participate in the decisions that affect their health and wellbeing

Question 22

what does the action area Strengthen community action involve?

Answer 22

Strengthening community action focuses on building links between individuals and a range of community organisation and governments (a range of sectors) who work together to achieve a common goal around promoting health and wellbeing.

Question 23

what does the action area “Create supportive environments” involve?

Answer 23

Supportive environments assist people to achieve good health and wellbeing by creating healthy physical and social environments for all members of the community.

Question 24

name 5 action areas in Ottawa charter

Answer 24

Building public health policy 
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Re-orient health services

Question 25

what does the principle “Address the broader determinants of health” mean? (social model)

Answer 25

When deciding health initiatives to promote health gains, the focus should be on targeting the broader SEE influences on health.

Question 26

what does the principle “Reduce social inequality” mean? (social model)

Answer 26

Reduces the social inequalities caused by factors such as physical environment, ethnic background, SES.

Question 27

what does the principle “Accessibility to health care” mean? (social model)

Answer 27

This principle addresses the social and environmental factors/determinants that reduce access to healthcare for all people. They include cultural and language barriers, economic and geographical factors, and education levels.

Question 28

what does the principle “Inter-Sectorial collaboration” mean? (social model)

Answer 28

This involves groups from many sectors (government, non-government, health and private) working together to achieve a common health related goal.

Question 29

Advantages and disadvantages of biomedical model of health?

Answer 29

It creates the opportunity for advancements in technology and research. Without the biomedical model, there would be no x-rays, anesthetics, and therefore little knowledge about how to actually treat and diagnose diseases.

It enables many common conditions, illnesses, injuries to be quickly and effectively treated (e.g. the common flu through medication and antibiotics).

It does not always promote good health. Recall, the biomedical model is the ‘quick fix ‘ approach as it does not focus on the underlying causes of ill health and does not encourage people to be responsible for their own health.

· It relies on health professionals and technology which can be costly.
Smaller, rural- based health clinics may not be able to afford medical technology and resources.

Question 30

give 2 advantages and disadvantages of social model of health?

Answer 30

Advantages
As the social model of health doesn’t just focuses on the diseases once symptoms are present ,it encourages people to make better choices and take care of their health to prevent the onset of disease.

It focuses on the vulnerable population groups (indigenous, low SES and rural) and aims to reduce social inequalities in the long term rather than just a ‘quick fix’.

Disadvantages
•Health promotion messages may be ignored. The social model of health relies on the cooperation of the public. If people choose to ignore the health messages provided, health and wellbeing may not improve
Not every condition can be prevented .. The causes of some conditions, including many genetic conditions, can be very difficult to prevent.

Question 31

Name 5 principles of social model of health?

Answer 31

Addresses the broader determinants of health
Reduces social inequality
Empower individuals and community
Accessibility to health services 
Inter sectoral collaboration

Question 32

What is Ottawa charter for health?

Answer 32

The Ottawa charter for health promotion is an approach to health development by WHO which attempts to reduce inequities in health.It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centered around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.

Question 33

Explain how changes in policy and practice relating to old public health may have contributed to Australia’s health status over time.

Answer 33

Over time old public policies and practices were introduced to improve the health of Australians which included the introduction of vaccination which helped to treat a range of diseases.Vaccination helped bring reductions to mortality and morbidity rates from conditions such as smallpox and measles.Improved housing conditions lead to a reduction in respiratory diseases such as influenza and pneumonia. This assisted in decreasing infant mortality rates as infants are most susceptible to respiratory diseases and this initiative protected them from respiratory diseases.

Question 34

What is mean by new public health?

Answer 34

an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behavior change to
one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also
referred to as the social model of health.

Question 35

What is public health?

Answer 35

the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health and wellbeing and prevent illness.

Question 36

what does the principle “Empowers individuals and communities” mean ?

Answer 36

This principle aims to empower individuals and communities so they can participate in decisions made about their health and wellbeing.