Saia Unit 1 Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
communication
A
to convey info accurately, can be verbal or nonverbal
2
Q
verbal communication
A
tone, pitch and volume
3
Q
nonverbal communication
A
eye contact, touch, appearance, listening skills, attitude
4
Q
assertive
A
calm, firm expression of feelings/opinions
5
Q
aggressive
A
undesirable behavior characterized by anger or hostility
6
Q
personal space
A
the distance around someone that is considered to be private
7
Q
social space
A
4-12 feet
8
Q
personal space is usually
A
18”-4’
9
Q
intimate space
A
up to 18”
10
Q
challenges to communication
A
culture, age (peds, geriatrics), language barriers, gender
11
Q
ethnocentrism
A
the belief that ones own cultural values are superior to others
12
Q
aphasia or dysphasia
A
an abnormal neurological condition in which language function is defective or absent because of an injury to certain areas of the brain
13
Q
altered states of consciousness
A
drowsy, unconscious, comatose
14
Q
drowsy
A
will respond to stimulus
15
Q
unconscious
A
won’t respond to stimulus
16
Q
comatose
A
unconscious for 24 hours
17
Q
the grieving process
A
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
18
Q
radiographs belong to the institution, not the patient
A
the patient owns the results of the study
19
Q
radiographs must be kept for a minimum of
A
5-7 years
20
Q
sentinel event
A
error that happens in health care that causes serious injury or death to patient
21
Q
proper body alignment, movement, and balance are necessary to
A
prevent injury to either the health care worker or patient
22
Q
base of support
A
portion of body in contact with the ground
23
Q
center of gravity
A
point around which body weight is balanced
24
Q
line of gravity
A
from combined center of gravity through base of support
25
ambulatory patient
can walk and move with little to no assistance
26
immobile patient
cannot walk, move, or assist in transfer
27
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down
28
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
29
quadriplegia
paralysis from the neck down
30
orthostatic hypotension
feeling of lightheadedness upon standing after being recumbent (due to sudden drop in blood pressure)
31
syncope
sensation of feeling faint
32
ataxia
uncoordinated movement
33
fall risk
person w/increased likelihood of falling
34
stretcher to table or bed transfer
all wheels locked, assistance from others,, preferred two people on each side with slider board or draw sheets
35
wheelchair to table/bed transfer
wheelchair locked placed parallel to table with "strong" leg closest to table, tech standing with legs between footrests to support and lift into upright position (squat, lift w/legs)
36
transfer from wheelchair to stool
should only be done with patients who are able to assist
37
basic log roll
patients hands across chest, two people on each side of patient and one maintaining proper head/neck alignment, sheets wrapped tightly around patient and rolled. reinforce with sheets/pillows
38
microorganisms
living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
39
pathogens
microorganisms that cause infection and disease (bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi, prions)
40
bacteria
single celled organisms with a cell wall which can grow independently without a host, classified by shape (spherical, rod-shaped, spiral)
41
spherical bacteria
cocci - staphylcoccus (staph)
42
rod shaped bacteria
bacilli - tubercle bacili (tb)
43
spiral shaped bacteria
spirilla - syphillis
44
bacterial spores
endospores (exospores), "waxy coat" which protects the bacteria within
45
tuberculosis
bacterial disease airborne spread, formerly known as consumption
46
antibiotic resistant bacterial strains
MRSA, VRE, C Dif
47
Virion
fully developed viral particle
48
virus
sub-cellular organisms with no cell wall
49
syndrome
a collection of symptoms
50
blood borne pathogens are most commonly contracted by
IDU's (intravenous drug users)
51
in 1991 OSHA mandated that healthcare workers be provided with
the Hep B immunization
52
fungi single celled
yeast - bud cells
53
fungi long strands
mold - many cells
54
protozoa
complex, single celled animals classified by motility
55
changing shape
psuedopods
56
cilia
little hairs
57
flagella
whip like tail
58
prions
smallest of ll known pathogen, do not have dan/rna
59
cycle of infection
infectious agent, reservoir of infection, portal or exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
60
infectious agent
pathogen
61
reservoir of infection
where pathogens can thrive in numbers to pose a threat
62
portal of exit
how pathogens leave the infected hosts body
63
mode of transmission
how pathogen travels from one body to another
64
portal of entry
how pathogen enters another persons body
65
susceptible host
person who can be infected by pathogen
66
direct contact transmission
skin to skin, mouth to mouth, mucous membrane to membrane, sexual contact
67
fomite
an indirect mode of transmission, an inanimate object
68
vector
indirect, insect or tick, an indirect mode of transmission
69
vehicle
a medium for transport such as food, water, blood, indirect
70
droplet
indirect. cough, sneeze, travel short distances, contacts membranes of new person
71
airborne
indirect, dust and spores, can stay in the air a long time, very, very small
72
portals of entry/exit
mucous membranes/eyes, nose, mouth, skin, open sores, respiratory systems, airborne, go systems, ingestion, fecal. urinary system, urine, circulatory system, wounds, reproductive system, semen, vaginal
73
immune system
bodys defense against disease causing microorganisms (pathogens), foreign tissues, and body own cells that have turned cancerous
74
nonspecific immunity (innate immunity)
generalized protection such as tears, mucous secretion, phagocytosis, inflammatory response
75
the 4 hallmarks of inflammation
calor, dolor, rubor, edema
76
calor
heat due to increased blood flow
77
dolor
pain
78
rubor
redness
79
edema
exudate from blood stream
80
specific immunity (adaptive immunity)
requires a previous exposure to the pathogen; first exposure = sick, second = not sick
81
specific immunity types
natural, active, passive
82
natural immunity
just happens as a result of living
83
active immunity
individual immune system response to pathogen (measles - only get once)
84
passive immunity
mothers milk, antibodies from mom to infant
85
artificial immunity
man made (vaccinations)
86
antibodies
destroys and/or inactivates antigens
87
antigens
foreign substance in body
88
complement protiens
inactive enzymes normally present in blood, when activated kill foreign cells by dissolving
89
combining sites
concave areas on antibodies that fir the precise size and shape of a marker molecule
90
marker molecules
fragments of dna that make an antigen unique
91
antibodies
bind with antigens, :lock and key:
92
complement proteins
enzymes normally found in blood
93
immune system cells
phagocytes, lymphocytes
94
lymphocytes
develop from stem cells in bone marrow
95
medical asepsis
reduces the probability of infection by reducing the numbers of microorganisms present (very clean but not sterile)
96
surgical asepsis
sterilization
97
isolation
transmission based precaution
98
airborne precaution
high filtration masks required
99
droplet precaution
standard surgical masks
100
contact precaution
gown, gloves, hat, footies
101
sterilization
the absence of all microorganisms, methods include: chemical, autoclaving, conventional gas, gas plasma, dry heat
102
sterility indicators
indicators on both the inside and outside of object/pack t prove that an item has been sterilized
103
biological indicators
indicator used to prove an item has been sterilized, closed containers that hold nonpathogenic spore forming bacilli (each resistant to a specific sterilization procedure)
104
sterile fields
microorganism free work area
105
input and output
I&O, monitoring a patients intake and output (what they eat/drink and how/when the expel)
106
urinary catheter
inserted through the urethra into the bladder
107
condom catheter
slips of the penis which then drains to a collection bag
108
incontenence
loss of bladder and/or bowel control
109
ostomy
opening to
110
colostomy
opening from the colon to outside the body
111
ileostomy
opening from the ileum to outside the body
112
kyphosis
exaggerated curvature
113
lordosis
exaggerated curvature
114
vital signs
collection of primary mechanisms that adapt to internal or external fluctuations and adjust according to maintain homeostasis
115
homeostasis
balance or maintaining of the internal environment of the body
116
purpose of vital signs
to provide a fast set if objective data regarding the patients condition
117
vital signs include
tempurature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate
118
level of consciousness
alert, drowsy, unconscious, comatose
119
body temperature
normal is 98.6F but can fluctuate by about a degree
120
body temperature above 99.5
fever or febrile
121
body temperature below 97.7
hypothermia
122
thermoregulation
the bodies adaptive abilities to extreme external variations
123
body temperature regulation is primarily controlled by
the hypothalamus gland
124
if the body temperature is too high
vasodilation, sweating
125
if the body temperature is too low
vasoconstriction, shivering
126
oral thermometers are
blue in color, are longer, thinner glass bulb
127
rectal thermometers
red in color, shorter, bulkier glass and bulb
128
respiratory system is responsible for
oxygenation of the blood, carrying oxygen throughout the body and expelling carbon dioxide from the body
129
one respiration is composed of
one inspiration and expiration
130
normal respiratory rate for adults is
12-20/min
131
normal respiratory rate for child (under 10)
20-30/min
132
normal respiratory rate for infant
30-60/min
133
tachypnea
increased respirations above the normal range
134
bradypnea
decreased respirations below the normal range
135
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
136
apnea
absence of breathing
137
pulse rate
measurement of heart rate or pumping activity of the human heart
138
pulse can be obtained in the following
```
radial artery (thumb side of wrist)
brachial artery (front of elbow)
carotid artery (neck)
popliteal (back of knee)
apical (with stethoscope listening to chest wall)
```
139
normal pulse rate for adults
60-100/min
140
normal pulse rate for babies (up to age 1)
100-160/min
141
normal pulse rate for children 1-10 years
70-120/min
142
normal pulse rate for well conditioned athletes
40-60/min
143
tachcardia is over
100/min for adults
144
bradycardia is under
60/min for adults
145
blood pressure is the measurement of
the force of blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation
146
systolic
the peak pressure found during the contraction phase of the heart
147
diastolic
the pressure found during the relaxation phase of the heart
148
normal blood pressure is considered to be
120/80 mm Hg
149
hypertension
over 140/90
150
hypotension
under 95/60
151
contrast media is used to
visualize detail of anatomy
152
differential absorption
different materials absorb X-ray energy to differing degrees
153
negative contrast media
low atomic numbers
decrease attenuation of the X-ray beam
air/carbon dioxide
154
positive contrast media
high atomic numbers
increase attenuation of the X-ray beam
barium (56)
iodine (53)
155
flocculation
subject to separation
156
parenteral
into or through the skin
157
enteral
through the alimentary canal
158
ionic
charged particles/molecules
159
nonionic
neutral particles/molecules (expensive)
160
osmosis
the movement of water to equalize solution levels (water follows salt)
161
Tort -
a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.
162
Assault -
the crime of trying or threatening to hurt someone physically.
163
Battery -
a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault which is the act of creating apprehension of such contact.
164
Defamation -
the action of damaging the good reputation of someone
165
Libel -
a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation;
166
Slander -
the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.
167
False imprisonment -
a restraint of a person in a bounded area without justification or consent
168
Fraud -
deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain
169
Informed consent -
a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person.
170
Implied consent -
consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather inferred from a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).
171
Negligence -
failure to use reasonable care, resulting in damage or injury to another.
172
Res Ipsa Loquitur -
"the thing speaks for itself." Refers to situations when it's assumed that a person's injury was caused by the negligent action of another party because the accident was the sort that wouldn't occur unless someone was negligent.
173
Respondeat Superior -
"let the master answer"; a legal doctrine which states that, in many circumstances, an employer is responsible for the actions of employees performed within the course of their employment.
174
ASRT Standard of Care -
Standards set by the ASRT for professional RTs to follow including guidelines for scope of practice as an RT as well as professional standards practiced by an RT.
175
ARRT Code of Ethics
Ethics that are set by the ARRT for those registered to follow in their professional careers.
Both the Code of Ethics (a set of aspirational guidelines) and the Rules of Ethics (mandatory and enforceable standards) are spelled out in the ARRT Standards of Ethics.
176
Plaintiff -
a person who brings a case against another in a court of law.
177
Defendant -
a person or entity accused of a crime in criminal prosecution or a person or entity against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.
178
Expert witness -
a person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case.
179
Corporate Liability -
The legal responsibility of a corporation for criminal actions, or the failure to act in some cases, committed by the company's employees.
180
Respondeat superior -
"let the master answer"; a legal doctrine which states that, in many circumstances, an employer is responsible for the actions of employees performed within the course of their employment
181
Res ipsa loquitur -
"the thing speaks for itself." Refers to situations when it's assumed that a person's injury was caused by the negligent action of another party because the accident was the sort that wouldn't occur unless someone was negligent.
182
Malpractice -
professional negligence by act or omission by a health care provider in which the treatment provided falls below the accepted standard of practice in the medical community and causes injury or death to the patient, with most cases involving medical error.
183
Negligence -
A failure to behave with the level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same circumstances.
184
Actions and Inactions (omissions) -
something that has not been included or done, something that has been omitted, the act of not including or doing something
185
Malfeasance -
wrongdoing, especially by a public official.
186
Misfeasance -
a transgression, especially the wrongful exercise of lawful authority.
187
Nonfeasance -
the failure to act where action is required - willfully or in neglect.
188
The 4 D's of Negligence -
Duty - something that one is expected or required to do by moral or legal obligation.
Dereliction - the state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated.
Direct cause - The producer of an effect, result, or consequence.
Damages - an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.
189
Preponderance of evidence -
a standard of proof that must be met by a plaintiff if he or she is to win a civil action.
190
Compensatory damages -
A sum of money awarded in a civil action by a court to indemnify a person for the particular loss, detriment, or injury suffered as a result of the unlawful conduct of another.
191
Punitive damages -
damages intended to reform or deter the defendant and others from engaging in conduct similar to that which formed the basis of the lawsuit.
192
Nominal damages -
Minimal money damages awarded to an individual in an action where the person has not suffered any substantial injury or loss for which he or she must be compensated.
193
Fraud -
A false representation of a matter of fact—whether by words or by conduct, by false or misleading allegations, or by concealment of what should have been disclosed—that deceives and is intended to deceive another so that the individual will act upon it to her or his legal injury.
194
Settlement -
In law, a settlement is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins
195
Arbitration -
The submission of a dispute to an unbiased third person designated by the parties to the controversy, who agree in advance to comply with the award—a decision to be issued after a hearing at which both parties have an opportunity to be heard
196
Mediation -
an informal and confidential way for people to resolve disputes with the help of a neutral mediator who is trained to help people discuss their differences.
197
Tort reform -
the proposed changes made in the civil justice system that directly reduces tort litigation or damages
198
Confidentiality -
A set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information.
199
Scope of practice -
describes the procedures, actions, and processes that a healthcare practitioner is permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license.
200
Licensure -
a restricted practice or a restriction on the use of an occupational title, requiring a license.
201
Certification -
refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person, or organization.
202
Registration -
the action or process of registering or of being registered.
| "the registration of births, marriages, and deaths"
203
Veracity -
truth or accuracy. : the quality of being truthful or honest.
204
Beneficence -
action that is done for the benefit of others, actions that can be taken to help prevent or remove harms or to simply improve the situation of others
205
Nonmaleficence -
a principle of bioethics that asserts an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally. It is useful in dealing with difficult issues surrounding the terminally or seriously ill and injured.
206
Privileged communication -
communication between parties to a confidential relation (as between physician and patient) such that the recipient cannot be legally compelled to disclose it as a witness
207
Advance directive -
legal documents that allow you to spell out your decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time.
208
Living will -
a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapacity.
209
Durable power of attorney -
A legal document that enables an individual to designate another person, called the attorney-in-fact, to act on his/her behalf, even in the event the individual becomes disabled or incapacitated
210
OSHA -
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a federal agency of the United States that regulates workplace safety and health
211
Autonomy -
the state of existing or acting separately from others. : the power or right of a country, group, etc., to govern itself.
212
Bias -
a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly.
213
Discrimination -
treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit.
214
Ethnocentric -
evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.
215
Subpoena -
A formal document that orders a named individual to appear before a duly authorized body at a fixed time to give testimony.
216
Privileged communication -
a communication between parties to a confidential relation (as between physician and patient) such that the recipient cannot be legally compelled to disclose it as a witness
217
Hippocratic Oath -
an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards.
218
Euthanasia -
the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering.
219
Posthumous -
occurring, awarded, or appearing after the death of the originator.
"he was awarded a posthumous Military Cross"
220
Discrimination -
treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit.
221
Prejudice -
an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.
222
Bias -
a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly.
223
Racism -
the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.
224
Homophobia -
dislike of or prejudice against homosexual people.
225
Ethnocentrism -
judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture
226
Duty -
something that one is expected or required to do by moral or legal obligation.
227
Dereliction -
the state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated.
228
Direct cause -
The producer of an effect, result, or consequence.
229
Damages -
an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury
