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SEM VI - RAD REVIEW > Saia Unit 3 > Flashcards

Saia Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 cardinal rules for xray:

A

time, distance, shielding

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2
Q

inverse square law:

A

I1/I2=D2^2/D1^2

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3
Q

primary protective barrier:

A

direct impact, 1/16” lead or equivelent; 7 feet high

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4
Q

secondary protective barrier:

A

scatter/leakage, 1/32” lead equivelent

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5
Q

xray must scatterat least:

A

2 times before hitting the control booth

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6
Q

protective tube housing enclosed by lead lined metal covering:

A

1/16 lead, reduces leakage

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7
Q

leakage from the tube housing should exceed:

A

100mR/hr at 1 meter

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8
Q

time of occupancy factor:

A

amount of time an area is ossupied and by whom

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9
Q

workload:

A

radiation activity level (max kvp and max mas)

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10
Q

Use:

A

the amount of time xray is “on” during the day

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11
Q

Lead underwear keep radiation and are used for:

A

brachytherapy of the prostate

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12
Q

mobile unit switch

A

should allow tech to obtain at least a distance of 6’ from patient

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13
Q

fluoroscopy drapes and bucky slot cover should have a minimum:

A

.25mm pb/eq

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14
Q

fluoroscopy deadman switch:

A

only emits radiation when constant pressure is applied

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15
Q

c-arm source to tabletop must not be less than:

A

12”

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16
Q

source to tabletop for fixed fluoro unit must not be less than:

A

15”

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17
Q

Total filtration of fluoroscopy equipment must be at least:

A

2.5mm al/eq

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18
Q

cumulitive timing device in fluoro creates an audible sound after:

A

5 minutes

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19
Q

lead used in fluoroscopy must be at least:

A

.5mm pb/eq

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20
Q

Fluoroscopy xray intensity at tabletop must not exceed:

A

10R/min

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21
Q

Fluoroscopy uses a high KV and low MA to

A

minimize dose

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22
Q

Fluoroscopy MA must not exceed:

A

5MA

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23
Q

Air exposure is measured in:

A

Traditional - Roentgen (R) ; SI - Air Kerma - grays in air (gyA)

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24
Q

Absorbed dose is measured in:

A

Traditional - RAD; SI - grays in tissue (gyT)

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25
Q

1 Gray is equal to:

A

100 Rads

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26
Q

Dose equivelent (tissue damage due to dose) is measured in:

A

Traditional - REM; SI - Seivert

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27
Q

RAD X QF =

A

REM

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28
Q

Activity is measured in:

A

Traditional - Curie; SI - Bacquerel

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29
Q

Roentgen (T) =

A

Air Kerma (SI)

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30
Q

RAD (T) =

A

Gray (SI)

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31
Q

REM (T) =

A

Sievert (SI)

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32
Q

Curie (T) =

A

Bacquerel (SI)

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33
Q

Quality Factor for Xray. Gamma, Beta =

A

1

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34
Q

Quality Factot for Alpha:

A

20

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35
Q

An Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Badge:

A

Uses Aluminum Oxide and is accurate to 1 mREM (like our badge)

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36
Q

A film badge uses:

A

Real film (old school)

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37
Q

A Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) badge uses:

A

lithium fluoroide - used in nuclear medicine

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38
Q

A pocket dosimeter uses:

A

ionization chamber, has an immediate readout, but not highly accurate

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39
Q

EMR - Elecrtromagnetic Energy:

A

Bundles of pure energy, no mass, no charge, moves at speed of light, waveform movement

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40
Q

Photon:

A

smallest quantity of any type of EMR;

AKA quanta or ray

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41
Q

ionizing radiation:

A

energy with the ability to disrupt atomic structure thereby creating ions

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42
Q

Energy Based:

A 
low LET; 
XRAY/Gamma; 
bundles of pure energy; 
no mass/charge; 
travel at speed of light; 
waveform movement
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43
Q

Matter Based:

A 
high LET; 
Alpha, Beta, Photon, Neutron; 
have matter/mass/charge; 
travel slower than the speed of light; 
straight line movement
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44
Q

Primary radiation:

A

radiation produced in xray tube, AKA useful beam

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45
Q

secondary radiation:

A

a brand new xray produced in the patient

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46
Q

Scatter:

A

re-directed primary radiation due to interraction with matter

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47
Q

remnant radiation:

A

portion of the primary beam that survives the trip through the patient

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48
Q

leakage radiation:

A

X-ray that escapes the tube housing at a point other than the tube window

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49
Q

off focus radiation:

A

X-ray produced at points of the anode other than the true/actual focal spot

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50
Q

Annual dose limit (Occupational) for whole body:

A

5 rem (50 mSv)

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51
Q

Annual dose limit (Occupational) for lens of eye:

A

15 rem (150 mSv)

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52
Q

Annual dose limit (Occupational) for skin/extremities:

A

50 rem (500 mSv)

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53
Q

Annual dose limit (Occupational) for whole body cumulitive:

A

Age x 1 rem (age x 10 mSv)

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54
Q

Annual dose limit (Occupational) for fetus (9 month):

A

0.5 rem (5 mSv)

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55
Q

Annual dose limit (Occupational) for fetus (1 month):

A

.05 rem (0.5 mSv)

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56
Q

Annual dose limit (Occupational) for Student less than 18 years old:

A

0.1 rem (1 mSv)

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57
Q

Annual dose limit (PUBLIC Exposure) for Infrequent Exposure:

A

0.5 rem (5 mSv)

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58
Q

Annual dose limit (PUBLIC Exposure) for Frequent Exposure:

A

0.1 rem (1 mSv)

59
Q

3 things for xray production:

A

source of free electrons, acceleration of electrons (kv); Halting of accelerated electrons (Tungsten)

60
Q

Photon:

A

smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy

61
Q

Amplitude:

A

one half the range from crest to valley

62
Q

Frequency:

A

number wavelenths that pass a given point per second

63
Q

frequency is measured in:

A

Hertz (Hz)

64
Q

Wavelength:

A

the distance from one crest to the next or valley to valley

65
Q

wavelength is measured in:

A

Meters

66
Q

Velocity:

A

All EMR’s travel at the speed of light (c)

67
Q

speed of light =

A

frequency x wavelength (c = f x ?) - symbolized by the figure “lambda”

68
Q

Velocity is

A

constant

69
Q

Speed of light:

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

70
Q

xray tube consists of:

A

a cathode and anode encapsulated within a glass envelope and then encased in a protectuve housing

71
Q

why a glass envelope?

A

to maintain a vacuum within

72
Q

Why a vacuum?

A

so electrons accelarated from cathode to anode dont bump into anything AND to prevent the filament from burning

73
Q

Cathode:

A

the negative side of the xray tube whose function is to emit electrons

74
Q

Cathode consists of

A

a filament (tungsten), a focusing cup, and associated wiring

75
Q

Thermionic Emission:

A

electron emission from a heated source

76
Q

Electron cloud/space charge:

A

collection of electrons “hover” off of the filament when prep/rotor pressed

77
Q

focusing cup:

A

cup that encases the filament, possesses a negative potential focusing electrons away from the cathode side

78
Q

Anode:

A

positive side of the xray tube whose function is to receive the stream of high speed electrons

79
Q

Anode consists of

A

Anode, stator, rotor, associated wiring

80
Q

metallic housing:

A

protects the xray tube within, absorbs unusable xrays

81
Q

oil-filled tube housing:

A

protects from unnecessary radiation, electrical risk, conducts heat away

82
Q

Tungsten:

A

high melting point, high atomic number (74), good conductor of heat/electricity

83
Q

Incident electrons:

A

electrons boiled off the filament accelerated toward the anode disk, possess massive kinetic energy

84
Q

KE =

A

1/2m x V^2 (kinetic energy)

85
Q

Voltage -

A

the force that propels electrons

86
Q

KVP -

A

the force of electron propulsion from cathode to anode

87
Q

As KVP goes up, the force ofelectron propulsion:

A

goes up

88
Q

MA:

A

the number of electrons thermionically emitted from cathode filament per second

89
Q

Amperage:

A

the number of electrons

90
Q

1 Ampere:

A

6.3 x 10^18 electrons

91
Q

MAS:

A

the number of electrons accelerated from cathode to anode

92
Q

MAS has primary control of:

A

image density

93
Q

Density:

A

overall image blackness

94
Q

Bremstrahlung Interaction:

A

BRAKING; strength exactly equal to the amount of electron kinetic enegy lost

95
Q

A vast majority of xrays created are:

A

Bremstrahlung

96
Q

Characteristic Interaction:

A

COLLISION; strength equal to the difference in binding energies collision

97
Q

Tungsten Binding Energies: K Shell -

A

69.5 KEV

98
Q

Tungsten Binding Energies: L Shell -

A

12.1 KEV

99
Q

Tungsten Binding Energies: M Shell -

A

2.8 KEV

100
Q

Tungsten Binding Energies: N Shell -

A

0.6 KEV

101
Q

Tungsten Binding Energies: O Shell -

A

0.08 KEV

102
Q

Tungsten Binding Energies: P shell -

A

0 KEV

103
Q

Classical or Coherent -

A

AKA Thomson or Rayleigh - SPONGE; secondary xray = primary xray

104
Q

Photoelectric Interaction -

A

inner shell collision, characteristic cascade

105
Q

Linear graph -

A

dose and response are proportional (straight line)

106
Q

nonlinear graph -

A

dose and response not proportional (curved line)

107
Q

threshold -

A

a certain dose is required before a response occurs

108
Q

nonthreshold -

A

any exposure will cause a response

109
Q

radiation protection is based upon:

A

nonlinear, nonthreshold

110
Q

somatic effect:

A

damage sustained by a living organism as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation

111
Q

stochastic effect:

A

doubt (probabilistic)

112
Q

nonstochastic:

A

no doubt (deterministic)

113
Q

fractionation:

A

several low dose exposures delivered over a long period of time

114
Q

protraction:

A

single high dose exposure over a short period;

115
Q

a single high dose is:

A

more harmful than several low doses

116
Q

LET -

A

amount of energy transferred to tissue per unit of distance traveled in tissue

117
Q

High LET:

A

have matter, mass, charge, straight line movement, slower than the speed of light

118
Q

Low LET:

A

no charge, no mass, travel at speed of light, waveform movement

119
Q

high LET:

A

Alpha (dangerous)

120
Q

OER:

A

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

121
Q

As OER goes up, biological damage

A

goes up

122
Q

RBE: Relative Biological Effectiveness -

A

biological damage produced by radiation in tissue

123
Q

Quality factor for Xray, Gamma, & Beta =

A

1

124
Q

Quality factor for Alpha =

A

20

125
Q

Direct Action =

A

high LET

126
Q

Indirect Action =

A

low LET

127
Q

Single strand break -

A

point mutation (low LET)

128
Q

Double strand break =

A

rupture of both DNA side rails

129
Q

Mutation -

A

Alteration of DNA base sequence

130
Q

Target theory:

A

master molecule within a cell; unique or key molecule, cannot be replaced

131
Q

Apoptosis:

A

programmed cell death, occurs during interphase

132
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau:

A

cells most sensitive to radiation injury/death include least mature/specialized, high reproduction activity, longest mitotic phase

133
Q

Radiosensitive cells:

A

erythroblasts, lymphocytes, epithelial/endothelial tissue, oocytes, sperm, intestinal

134
Q

Radioinsensitive cells:

A

muscle, nerve, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

135
Q

ARS - acute radiation syndrome:

A

a collection of symptoms associated with a high level of radiation to the whole body in a short period of time

136
Q

4 Stages of ARS -

A

Prodromal stage (initial); Latent; Manifest Illness; Recovery/Death

137
Q

Prodromal stage occurs:

A

within hours, after a whole body dose of 100 Rads ++

138
Q

Latent stage occurs:

A

after prodromal, no symptoms, appearance of feeling better

139
Q

Manifest stage:

A

symptoms visible, 3 types - hemaopoeitic, gastrointestinal, cerebrovascular

140
Q

Hematopoeitic:

A

100+ Rads of whole body dose; AKA bone marrow syndrome; death in 6-8 weeks

141
Q

Gastrointestinal:

A

600+ Rads of whole body dose; death within 3-10 days as a result of epithelial damage to GI tract

142
Q

Cerebrovascular:

A

5000+ Rads of whole body dose; death within a couple hours-days due to increased intra cranial pressure due to damaged vessls leaking

143
Q

X-ray was discovered

A

11/8/1895 by Roentgen

SEM VI - RAD REVIEW (8 decks)

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