salivary glands Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
what is seen in patients with sever hyposalivation
A
increased incidence of caries
2
Q
hyposalivation
A
reduced salivary flow (2/3 typical)
3
Q
symptoms of decreased salivary loss
A
Xerostomia Mucosal changes Enamel erosion Increased caries Difficulty swallowing changes in tatse
4
Q
subjective feeling of dry mouth
A
Xerostomia
5
Q
Genic cause of dry mouth
A
Rare
6
Q
systemic disease for dry mouth
A
Mups
Sjogren’s
Diabetes mellitus
HIV
7
Q
Medication causing dry mouth
A
Anti-cholinergic, diuretics, antidepressants, antihistamines, antihypertensives
8
Q
what is largelt responsible for prevalence of dry mouth in elderly patients
A
age kinda, but mostly medication
9
Q
mdical treatment that cuases dry mouth
A
Head and neck radiotherapy
10
Q
efects of head and neck radiotherapy on salivation
A
rapid(days) and long lasting
11
Q
initial effect of radiotherapy on salivation
A
reduced gland function
12
Q
later effects of head and neck radiotherapy
A
cell death, primarily acinar cells
13
Q
how do we try and spare salivary function from radiotherapy
A
newer radiation therapies for specific target tumor site
14
Q
therapies to aid in saliva production
A
genetic modification of remaining salivary tissue
Stem cell
15
Q
stem cel use for salivary flow
A
clauster of saliva secreting cells (Acinus-like) grown invitro from stem cells in the parotid gland
16
Q
mangement of hyposalivation
A
frequent dental evaluation and prophylaxis due to prevalence of complication
artifical saliva
salivary stimulants
17
Q
what must be checked for hyposalivation patients
A
caries
oral lesions
oral candidias
18
Q
what are some artificial salivas
A
mucopolysaccharide (MouthKote) Glycerate polymer (Oral balance Hydroxyethylcellose( salivart, oralube, xerolube)
19
Q
salivary stimulants
A
sugarless candies, chewing gum
secretatgogus (agonist for cholinergic muscarinic receptors)
20
Q
Major functions of saliva
A
Protection Buffering Tooth integrity antimicrobial tissue repair Digestion taste
21
Q
how does the saliva protect
A
Lubrication and protective barrier (mucins)
clearance of bacteria and sugar
22
Q
how does the saliva buffer
A
Neutralization of acids and pH maintenanec (bicarbonate)
23
Q
how does the saliva aid in tooth integrity
A
Enamel maturation via calcium binding proteins (proline rich proteins and statherin)
24
Q
what does the saliva has as an antimicrobia
A
Lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins, histatins
Iga (agglutination of microorganisms, anti-viral)
25
what does the saliva do for tissue repair
growth factors
26
what does the saliva do for digestion
lubrication, swallowing: mucins
| Enzyme digestions: amylase, lipase
27
what does the saliva do for taste
Dissolves stimuli for transport to taste recetpors: water
28
what kind of gland is the salivary gland
Exocrine glands
29
unstimulated saliva rate
.2-.4 per min
30
how much saliva is in the mouth
1ml as a thin film that coats everything
31
stimulated saliva rate
2-5 per min
32
saliva flow during sleep
decreases during sleep
33
what are the major saliva glands
Parotid gland
submandibular
sublingual
34
what are the minal saliva glands
Von ebners gland
| Labial, palatal, buccal, lingual
35
what innervates the parotid
IX
36
what inneravtes the submandibular
VII
37
what innervates the sublingual
VII
38
what innerates von ebner glands
IX
39
what does the parotid gland make
serous (watery), amylase
40
what does the submandibular make
mixed, mostly serous
41
what does the sublingual make
Mixed, mostly serous
42
what does von ebner gland make
Lingual lipase
43
what does labial, palatal, buccal, lingual
Mucins
44
saliva flow percentatge from the major glands
60: parotid
25: submandibular
7-8: sublingual
45
what does the parotid have to have saliva leave
stensons duct
46
largest salivary gland
Paroid
47
GR for parotid
14-28
48
GR for submandibular
10-15 GR
49
what does the submandibular have to have saliva leave
Wharton's duct
50
GR for sublinual
2 GR
51
ducts of sublingual
Rivinius and Bartholin's duct
52
the functional component of the salivary gland
Parenchyma
53
the supporting components of the salivary gland
Stroma (Connective tissue
54
ducts going to the eventual outside of gland
Intercalated
Striated
Collection
55
curoudns the salivary gland
Capsule
56
infoldings of the salivary gland
Septa
57
what does the septa do
Divides gland into lobes (major larger divisions) and lobules (minor smaller divisions)
58
what does the stroma contain
```
Fibroblasts (produce collagen)
Blood vessels (supply parenchyma)
Nerve fibers (supply parenchuma)
Plasma cells (Secrete antibodies)change in the stroma over age
fat cells
```
59
how do fat cells change with age
increases
60
what makes up the parenchyma
Acini (secretory endpieces) and ducts
61
where are serous acini found
PArotid gland
62
where are mucous acini found
minor glands
63
where are mixed acini found
submandibular and sublingual
64
when is the parotid initiated
4-6 week IU
65
where does the submandibular initiate
week 6 IU (end)
66
when does the sublingual and minor glands initiate
week 8-12
67
when does acinar cell mature
during last 2 months of gestation
68
how long does salivary gland growth continue
2 years postnatal(especillay acinar cells)
69
parenchuma orgin of salivary glands
parotid: ecotderm
submandibular: ectoderm
minor: endoderm
70
strom origin of salivary glands
Neural crest
71
stesp ofsalivary gland development
Protrusion of epithelial cells in mesenchyme
BUd formation
branching Morphogenesis
branching morphogenesis continues, cavitation (forming ducts)
terminal differntaitionL maturation of ducts then acinar (secretory) cells
72
what type of interaction is important for salivary gland development
heterotypic tissue interactions
73
examples of heterotypic tissue interactions for salivary glands
Epithelial-mesenchymal signalling
| Neural-epithelial signaling
74
do salivary gland development pathways repleaste
yes, and similar as those used in tooth development
75
what part of acini are H2O permiable
acinar cells are H2O permiable and Duct cells are not H2O permiable
76
roll of Acinar cells
Primary secretsion
77
rollof duct cells
Secondary secretion
78
what do the Acini cells secrete
water, ions, (Na+ and Cl-) proteins
79
tonicity of acinar cells
Isotonic
80
action of duct cells
resob NA and Cl
secrete bicarbonate
secrete proteins
81
tonicity of duct cells
Hypotonic
82
How does the sympa system reach the salivary gends
starts in teh intermediolateral nuclasus
sympa trunk
superior cervical ganglion
all glands
83
parasympa for salivary glands
Salivary nucleus
VII: palate and nsoe galnds, sublingusal, submandibular
IX: parotid, von ebner
84
sympathetic control of salivary secetion
NE binds to beta-adrenergic receptor (GPCD)
adentlate cycalse, cAMP, pka
PKA phosphorylates secretory granules
Granules released
85
saliva secreted due to sympathetic
Protein-rich
viscous
scant
86
saliva secereted from parasympathetic
watery
| copious secretion
87
how does Parasympa control saliva
Ach binds to muscarinic receptors (GPCR)
PLC, IP3, Ca++
Ca++ opens Cl- channels
Cl- flows to lumen to created osmotic/electric gradient
Na+ and water follow by paracellular and transcellular
88
how is Cl- kept in the salivary galnd cells
maintained at a high intracellular concentration using an energy-requiring pump
89
what mkes up the major part of generalized acini
Cluster of Acinar cells surrounding a central lumen
90
spaces between acinar cells in generalzied acini
Intercellular spaces
91
junctions between acinar cells in generalized acini
Tight
desmosomes
gap
92
othercells of generalized acini
Myopeithelial cells
93
what surrounds generalized acini
Basal lamina
94
morphology of serous acinar cell
Pyramidal shape resting on basal lamina with short irregular microvilla
95
what does Serous acinar cell look like
like apolarized protein secreting cells
96
what does a serous acinar cell secrete
enzymes and glycoproteins - packaged in secretory granules
97
protein machinery of serous cells
well defined
Rer
Golgi apparatus
Secretory Granules
98
Morphology of mucous cells
Cuboidal to columnar
| Oval nuclei pressed toward the base
99
how are mucous cells arranged around the lumen
arranged in tubules around a larger central lumen
100
what do mucous cells secrete
mucins (high molecular wt, heavily glycosylated glycoprotein, for lubrication)
101
how do mucous cell stain
secretory granules pale staining
| cytoplasm pale
102
serous demilune is found where
present in mixed glands
103
what is a serous demilune
mucous acinus, topped by a cluster of serous cells
104
what does a serous demilune result from
Conventional fixation
105
what happens when a serous demilune is rapidly frozen
serous and mucous cells side by side
| mucous nuclei also not compressed
106
do mucous cells always stain pale
no depends on the stain
107
where are myoepithelial cells found
surrounding the acini and intercalated ducts but within the basal laimina
108
features of myoeptihelial cells
processes that curround multiple secretory cells in an acinus and intercalcated ducts
109
what cells are myoeptihelial cells similar to
similar to smooth muscle but derived from epithelium
110
what are the processes of myoepithelial celsl filled with
actin and soluble myosin
111
innneravtion of myoepithelial cells
neuraly innervated
112
roll of myoeptihelial cells
facilitate movement of saliva into the ductal system
113
what ducts do major salivary glands have
all 3 types
114
what ducts do minor salivary glands have
intercalated sometimes observed
Striated absent
exretory main type
115
the smallest duct
Intercalated duct
116
how many acini drain into an intercalated duct
several acini drin into intercalated duct
117
Morphology of intercalated duct
cuboidal
| cental nucleus
118
what does the intercalated duct secrete
a few proteins
119
size/activity of striated duct
longer and more active duct
120
why is stuff reabsorbed in a striated duct
converts isotonic (primary saliva) into hypotonic (secondary saliva)
121
how does striated duct absorb
against concentration gradient using ATP
122
what is secreted in the straited duct
proteins
| bicarbonatetd
123
Morphology of the striated duct cell
```
Columnar
polarized
short microvilli
numerous infolding of basolateral membrane (striations)
prominent mitochondria
```
124
purpose of excretory duct
Plumbing
125
what makes up the excretory duct
series of connecting ducts becoming progressivel wider
126
epithelium of excretory duct
changes from single epithelial layer to pseudostratified epithelium
eventually keratinized
127
where is the excretory duct found
located in connective tissue
128
lumen shape of the excretory duct
irregularly shaped
129
morphology of excreoty duct cells
irrgularly positioned nuclei
| pseudostratied
130
where are exretory ducts found
in the septa
131
what surrounds the excretory duct
fibroblasts
132
what else might be found in the excretory duct
goblet cells(screting mucous)
