specialized mucosa and taste Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
body mucosa of the tongue
A
BA1
2
Q
root mucsoa of the tongue
A
BA3
3
Q
keratinization of tongue mucosa
A
Eptilium mostly keratinzied except for key locations
4
Q
lamina propria of tongue
A
flexible
5
Q
submucosa of tongue
A
No submucosa
6
Q
surface of tongue
A
Numerous papillae with a rough surface
7
Q
what are the papillae of the tongue
A
some Taste buds
otheres inneratved by somatosensory nerve ending
8
Q
is sensation confined to the tongue
A
No
9
Q
separates the root from the body of the tongue
A
TErmainal sulcus
10
Q
fibers for touch for oral mucosa
A
Ab and A delta fibers
11
Q
fibers for warm of oral mucosa
A
C fibers
12
Q
fibers for cooling of oral mucosa
A
A delta
13
Q
fibers for pain of oral mucosa
A
A delta and C fibers
14
Q
Cranial nerve for sensation of anterior mouth
A
CN V
15
Q
Cranial nerve for senstion of posterior tongue and pharynx
A
CN IX
16
Q
taste bud cranial nerves
A
CN VII, IX, X
17
Q
what makes up Flavor
A
Taste
Olfactory
Oral Somatosensory (temp, texture, spice)
18
Q
what parts of flavor are well fused
A
taste and olfactory components
19
Q
how is the olfactory epithlium stimulated
A
volatile molecules from food stimulated the olfactory epithium via orthonasal and retronasal
20
Q
what part of olfaction is very important for food flavor
A
Retronasal (through the back of the mouth/pharynx)
21
Q
do taste and olfactory senses use the same never
A
No use separate cranial nerves
22
Q
where do Taste and Olfaction interact
A
extesnively in the CNS especailly the primary qustatory corte (insula)
23
Q
Hypergeusia
A
Heightened sensastion of taste (V. rare)
24
Q
Hypogeusia
A
Reduced sensastion of taste
25
Ageusia
No sensation of taste (V. rare)
26
parageusia
Incorrect taste sensation
27
Dysgeusia
change in taste quality
28
phantogeusia
taste in the absence of stimulus
29
How often do people self report problems with taste or flavor
about 18% most think they have taste flavor loss at age 25
30
what part of sensing flavor is common
Olfactory deficits are more common than Hypo or Ageusia (less common)
alfactory alone most
then olfactory and taste
taste alone
31
what are the greatest causes of taste loss
```
Idiopathic (unknown)
Post-traumatic (after injury)
Post-operative (after surgery)
post-infection
medical disease/cause
Chemical
but most are unknown cause of taste loss
```
32
function of the taste system
Detect chemicals in food
33
why is taste important
distinuish nutrients and non-nutritive substance
distinguish different nutrients
detects harmful substances - poison, caustic chem
34
classse of taste receptors detect
detect different classes of stimuli
35
different quality that we can taste
```
sugars (sweet)
amino acid (umami)
salts (salty)
acids (sour)
varied, alkaloids, purine base, glycosides (bitter)
```
36
what does the sensation of spiciness come from
```
NOT taste
but pain (TRP receptors)
```
37
recetpor for chilis
TRPV1
38
Receptors for garlic
TRPA1
39
what makes up a taste bud
a goblet shapped cluster of 40-60 cells
40
Orientation of taste bud
TAste pore opens up into a lummer with nerve fibers comming out the other size
41
where does the taste bud extend from
BAsal lamina to the surface
42
where is the location of taste recetpors
Microvilli of the cells
43
the opeing to the lumen to the thetaste bud
Taste pore
44
where are the afferents of the taste bud
Primary afferent fibers at base where bud cells make synapses with these fibers
45
number of taste buds
8000
46
where are taste buds located
68% on tongue
27% on pharynx and larynx
5% on soft palate
47
what lingual papillae are taste buds associated with
foliate papillae (side of tonue)
Circumvallate ( big ones on the connection between root and body of tongue)
Fungiform papilla
48
where are fungiform papillae
on the dorasl anterior of tongue (BA1)
49
what innervates the fungiform papilae
by chorda tympani brnach of VII (BA2)
50
taste bud bumber of fungiform papilllae
1600
51
where are most fungiform papillae found
at the tip, strategically located to monitor food entering mouth
52
shape of fungiform apillae
mushroom-shpaed
53
where are fungiform papillae found
located amoung more numerous filiform papillae
54
taste buds on filiform papillae
No
55
where is keratin layer interrupted on fungiform papillae
Interrupted at the pore
56
how is keratin between papilla
reduced
57
where are taste buds located on the fungiform papillae
located on the dorsal surface of fungis
58
do single sections of fungiform papillae have multiple taste buds
NO, may have none of 1
59
most have fungis have how many taste buds
ave of 3
60
where are taste buds on fungi
Dorsal not on the side
61
shape of filiform papillae
spine shape
62
keratin of filiform papillae
heavy keratinized
63
taste buds of filiform papillae
Do not continue buds
64
what does Filiform papillae innervate
only by somatosensory fibers
65
how are foliate papillae organized
2-6 parallel folds in dorsoventral orientation
66
taste buds of foliate papillae
1300 taste buds densely packed
67
what innervates foliate papillae
glossopharyngeal (IX, BA3)
68
location of foliate papillae
lateral aspects of most posterio anteriotongue (post to molar, anterior to CVs)
69
roll of Foliate papillae
strategic location for monitor food during chewing
70
location of taste buds in foliate papillae
in the trenches not on the surface
71
what do foliate taste buds associate with
with salivary glands (Von Ebner)
72
number of circumvallate papilae
8-10
73
taste buds of circumvallate papillae
2400 buds (densy packed)
74
what makes up the circumvallate papilae
central connective tissue core surrounded by a trench
75
where are circumvallate papillae
arrranged in a v on the most posterior AT
76
roll of circumvallate papillae
Monitor food just before swallowing
77
where are circumvallate papilae located
In trench, not dorsal surface
78
what innervates circumvallate papillae
Innervates by glossopharyngeal N
79
what do buds of Circumvalate associate with
Von ebner's glands
80
are taste buds functionall redundat in their ability to sense different taste
yes
81
what taste buds are not functionall redudant
taste buds on the larynx (mainly respond to deviations from isotonicity, to protect the airway)
82
how are regional differences in taste buds
relative but not absolute
83
do fungiform papillae detect 1 quality
No, detect more than 1 quality
84
what does the functional redudancy of the taste system do
makes it resilient in the face of partial taste loss
85
is taste ipsilateral or contralateral to chorda tympani anesthesia
taste stimuli become undetectable on the side of the tongue ipsilateral to anesthesia
86
after bilateral choda tympania anesthsia if you give taste to the whole mouth
produces minimal efects on whole mouth perception
87
what happens to whole mouth taste due to CT/lingual nerve damage caused by 3rd molar surgery or CT damage by middle ear surgery
negligible effect on whole mouth taste
88
damage or anesthesia of a single taste nerve results in what with specific spatial test
can clearly detect the perceptual effects of damage
89
effect of damage to a single nerve when using the whole mouth
Little effect
90
why is there little effect when you are missing a nerve, but use the whole
functional redundanc and ability of the CNS to somehow compensate for partial loss
91
study depth at taste bud removal
perceptual tests used to assess these effects are crude
| effects of glossopharyngeal damage studied minimally
92
do all people have about the same amount of taste papillae
varies greatly between individuals
93
how does taste papillae change with age
slighly declines but only slightly (feeling of taste loss comes from decline in olfaction)
94
what can affect fewer taste papillae
Genetics
smoking
alcohol
95
functional consequences of few taste buds
Not adequately studied
96
other types of individual variability in the bio of taste system are related to
Differences in taste preception (the ability to taste specific classes of moelcules or qualities
97
what is a substance that individualls taste differently
bitter phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
98
how does one taste bitter phenylthiocarbamide
bimodal distribution of thresholds (inherityed)
99
the critical features of the molecular strucutre of PTC
thiourea moity
100
what is the receptor for bitter
tas2r
101
family size of bitter taste recetpor
30 member
102
what kind of receptor is better taste
G-protein coupled
103
what does tas2r detect
a limited range of bitter comploudns
104
the receptor for PTC
tas2r38
105
what dtermines sensitivity to bitter taste
substitution of 2/333 amino acids
106
what are tha alanin and valine positions for taste intesnity imporance vs proline and alanine
49 and 262
107
people that are homogenous for PTC sensitive form of tas2r taste what else as bitter
mustard greens
turnips
broccoli
108
why would someone who is pTC sensitive also dislike some veggies
these vegies contain glucosinolates which also has a thiourea moitey
109
bitter sensitivity also applies to what
to some artificial sweeters since they use the same Tas2R receptor class
110
what else besides bitter taste is controlled by genetics
receptors for sweet stimuli
111
how is the sweet receptor differences occur
differences in the promoter region determine the number of copies of the sweet receptor ( controls intensity of the sweetness)
112
difference in amount of sweet receptors leads to
differences in the most preferred sugar concentration
113
what other factors control taste sensitivity
Genetic and encirnonmental(not completely understood)
114
how do taste buds look at the light microscopic level using standard stains
rather homogeneous
115
are all taste buds the same
Multiple types of taste bud cells
116
Dark taste bud cell type
Type I
117
staining for glial markers shows that type I cells do what
are supportive due to lack of microvilli and synapses
| but may also respond to salts (unclear)
118
light staining taste bud cell type
Light cells
119
morphology of light cells
microvilli that reach the taste pore
120
what do light cells do
express receptors for tasting stimuli
121
what do type III cells do
taste sour
122
types of light cells
Type III
| Type II
123
what do type III cells synapse with
synapse with primary afferent nerve
124
what do type II cells do
taste bitter, sweet, and amino acids
125
do type II cells synapse with primary afferent nerve
no
126
how to distinguish type II and III cells
due to expression of specific proteins
127
how do Type II and Type II cell communicate with the primary afferent taste nerves
use ATP
128
what kind of cynapse does a Type III cell use
classic synapses
129
how is ARP relased from Type II cells
without the aid of a typical synapse using a specifial voltaged gated ion channel
130
what voltage gated channel allows for the relaese of ATP from Type II cells
CALHM1 (calcium homeostasis modulator 1)
131
what are taste buds made of
Modified epithelial cells
132
what do taste buds do similar to epithelial cells
continually replaced
133
where do new taste bud cells come from
basal cells (also perigemmal cells) just outside the taste bud to give rise to a post-mitotic taste bud
134
what do the post mitottic taste bud precursor cells express
Sonic headgehod
135
what do sonic hedge hog taste bud precursors give rise to
all 3 types of cells in the taste bud (I, II, III)
136
what does sonic hedge hog due in the taste bud
released from the precursor cells and acts on surrounding cells to maintain taste buds
137
what does the taste bud develop from
specialized epithelium called the placode (similar to that of the tooth)
138
what is needed for taste bud development
cell-cell signalling
| final differentiation requires neural innervation
139
similariteis between tooth buds and taste bud development
use same moelcules (and used also in many different organs)
140
important pathways for taste bud and tooth
Wnt/beta-catenin
BMP
SHH
FGF
141
do the same molecules always have the same effect on the taste bud developemt
same molecules can have a different effect at a different time
142
when the tongue appears
week4
143
when the lingual papillae develops
week 8
144
when the taste buds first appear
week 8
145
when taste pore first appear
week 12
146
How early does taste develop
early and is at least partially competent at birth
147
how do we know babys can taste
give them bitter stuff and sweet stuff to see a reaction
148
effect of experience and taste
natural taste preference can be altered by experience
149
study do to the effect of early experience on preferences of 2 formulas
early preferences to certain formulas
