Salivery And Evens And Wener Flashcards
(26 cards)
What hormone is released by the adrenal glands as part of the stress response?
Cortisol
Cortisol is involved in the ‘Fight or Flight’ response to stress.
How can cortisol be measured?
In both urine and saliva
Saliva is commonly used due to its non-invasive nature.
What does a higher cortisol level indicate?
More physiological stress
This suggests a greater response to stressors.
What was the aim of Evans and Wener (2007) in their study?
To investigate how density and proximity of other train passengers affect stress in commuters
This study focused on the morning commute of American commuters.
What methodology did Evans and Wener (2007) use for their study?
Self-reported stress levels, proofreading task, and saliva sample collection
Participants reported their stress using a Likert scale.
What tool did participants use to report their stress levels?
A Likert scale
This scale allows participants to indicate their stress level on a range.
When was the saliva sample taken in the study?
At the end of the journey
This was done to measure cortisol levels after the commute.
What aspects of crowding were measured by researchers?
Total number of passengers, number of available seats, and seating arrangement
These observations were made to assess crowding effects.
What additional action did researchers take during the weekend?
Visited participants’ homes for another saliva sample
This was done to compare with samples taken during the workweek.
True or False: Salivary cortisol is an invasive method for measuring stress.
False
Salivary measurement is non-invasive.
What was recorded to measure stress in the study?
Cortisol levels at the weekends and on the train
Researchers aimed to assess stress through physiological measures.
How did participants evaluate their interactions?
Using a 5 point rating scale in a questionnaire
This method allowed for subjective assessment of interactions.
What correlation was found regarding crowding in close proximity?
Significantly correlated with cortisol levels, self-reported mood, and errors on proofreading task
Close proximity crowding had a direct impact on stress indicators.
Was the density of crowding within the train as a whole correlated with stress?
No, it was not correlated with stress
Distal crowding did not show the same effects as proximal crowding.
What was the relationship between longer commutes and cortisol levels?
Longer commutes were associated with significantly higher cortisol levels
This indicates increased stress levels for longer commuting durations.
What impact did longer commutes have on proofreading performance?
Resulted in poorer proofreading performance
Longer commutes negatively affected cognitive tasks.
How were spousal ratings of commuter stress related to commuting times?
Not associated with longer commuting times
Spousal perception of stress did not align with actual commuting duration.
What is the conclusion regarding proximal crowding and commuter stress?
Proximal crowding is related to commuter stress, possibly due to invasion of personal space
Distal crowding does not have the same stress-inducing effect.
What was recorded to measure stress in the study?
Cortisol levels at the weekends and on the train
Researchers aimed to assess stress through physiological measures.
How did participants evaluate their interactions?
Using a 5 point rating scale in a questionnaire
This method allowed for subjective assessment of interactions.
What correlation was found regarding crowding in close proximity?
Significantly correlated with cortisol levels, self-reported mood, and errors on proofreading task
Close proximity crowding had a direct impact on stress indicators.
Was the density of crowding within the train as a whole correlated with stress?
No, it was not correlated with stress
Distal crowding did not show the same effects as proximal crowding.
What was the relationship between longer commutes and cortisol levels?
Longer commutes were associated with significantly higher cortisol levels
This indicates increased stress levels for longer commuting durations.
What impact did longer commutes have on proofreading performance?
Resulted in poorer proofreading performance
Longer commutes negatively affected cognitive tasks.
