What are the boundaries for the scalp?
- anterior: supraorbital margins of the frontal bone
- posterior: superior nuchal line
- lateral: zygomatic arch
What can the five layers of the scalp spell?
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Aponeurosis
- Loose connective tissue
- Periosteum
(SCALP)
What are the major constituents of the fiver layers of the scalp?
- skin
- neurovascular
- muscular
- loose connective tissue
- periosteum
What is contained in the skin layer?
- hair follicles
- sebaceous glands
- sweat glands
What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?
internal carotid and external carotid artery branches
What branches of the external carotid artery ramify in the scalp?
- occipital
- posterior auricular
- superficial temporal
What specific branches from the internal carotid artery branch pattern supply the scalp?
supraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the ophthalmic artery
What veins drain the scalp?
- superficial temporal
- posterior auricular
- occipital
- ophthalmic
What will the superficial temporal vein drain into or become?
retromandibular vein
What will the posterior auricular vein drain into or become?
external jugular vein
What will the occipital vein drain into or become?
vertebral vein
What will the ophthalmic vein drain into or become?
cavernous dural venous sinus
What do somatic afferent pathways monitor?
- pain
- temperature
- light touch
- proprioception
Branches of nerves from what parts of the CNS innervate the scalp?
both cranial and spinal nerves
What name is given to the trigeminal nerve?
the great sensory nerve of the face
Identify each branch of the fifth cranial nerve.
- ophthalmic
- maxillary
- mandibular
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
all 3
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent pathways?
all 3
What part of the scalp is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?
scalp above the orbit
What part of the scalp is innervated by the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?
scalp above the zygomatic arch
What part of the scalp is innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
scalp above and behind the ear
Which trigeminal nerve division branches receive sensory informaton from the scalp?
- ophthalmic nerve - frontal nerve: supraorbital and supratrochlear branches
- maxillary nerve - zygomatic nerve
- mandibular nerve - auriculotemporal nerve
Which ophthalmic division, trigeminal nerve branches innervate the scalp?
- supraorbital n.
- supratrochlear n.
Which maxillary division, trigeminal nerve branch innervates the scalp?
zygomatic n.
Which mandibular division, trigeminal nerve branch innervates the scalp?
auriculotemporal n.
Which ventral rami branches supply the scalp?
- greater auricular n., C2, C3 ventral rami
- lesser occipital n., C2 (C3) ventral rami
Which dorsal ramus nerve branch supplies the scalp?
greater occipital n., C2, C3 communicating ramus
What spinal cord levels innervate the scalp?
C2 and C3
Motor pathways to skeletal muscle derived from the branchial arches are given what name?
Branchial Efferent (BE) pathways
What type of motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by the facial nerve?
branchial efferent (BE)
Within the parotid gland what does the facial nerve form?
the facial nerve plexus
What specific branches of the facial nerve plexus provide motor innervation to the scalp?
- temporal
- zygomatic
- posterior auricular
What muscles associated with the scalp will be innervated by the temporal, zygomatic, and posterior auricular nerves?
- epicranius
- superior group of muscles of the ear
What are the lymph nodes located along the base of the head collectively called?
collar chain nodes
What specific lymph nodes at the base of the head are identified in scalp drainage patterns?
- submental
- submandibular
- parotid
- retromandibular (mastoid)
- occipital
What appears to be unique about the fat associated with the scalp?
- very stable volume
- does not appear to store fat or allow depletion of fat
What would the fat of the scalp primarily do?
serves as an insulation blanket
What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?
muscular component of the scalp
What muscles are specifically associated with the scalp?
frontalis and occipitalis bellies of the epicranius muscle
What nerve innervates each belly of the epicranius muscle?
- frontalis belly: temporal nerve
- occipitalis belly: posterior auricular nerve
The bellies of the epicranius muscle are connected by what structure?
galea aponeurosis
What specific nerves provide motor control to the scalp muscle?
facial nerve: posterior auricular and temporal branches
What is the fourth layer of the scalp?
loose connective tissue layer
What is the fifth layer of the scalp?
pericranium
What is the pericranium?
periosteum covering the calva