Schizophrenia

Question 1

Biological explanations of SZ

Answer 1

Genetic and Neural Correlates

Question 2

Genetic AO3

Answer 2

+ Practical Application can use drug treatment or gene screening.

Question 3

Research support

Answer 3

Adoption Study
164 adoptees with SZ mother = 6.7% Sz children
197 adoptees with non-sz mother= 2%
Theory supports genetics and nature over nurture.

Question 4

SSR

Answer 4

1% instantly a minority group, parents could feel to blame because genes have been passed on. Ethical implications gene screening could possible lead to abortions.

Question 5

ALT explanation

Answer 5

Schizophorgenic mother - more scientific data

Question 6

Neural correlates

Question 7

PA

Answer 7

Drug treatment -antipsychotics

Question 12

Psychological expl

Answer 12

Cognitive and Family dysfunction

Question 13

Family dysfunction

Question 14

PA

Answer 14

Family therapy- teaching them how to communicate - not accesible, more expensive, avolition. All family members need to be motivated and want to listen.

Question 15

ALT Expl

Answer 15

Biological expl is more scientific, observable and reliable can’t fault or make up, objective and not subjective

Question 16

SSR

Answer 16

Parents/family feel blamed for causing individual to have SZ. Leads to additional stress for parents already seeing their child expereince SZ therefore dcan be deemed as controversial.

Question 17

Research support

Answer 17

Read et al Adults with SZ are disproportional to have insecure attachment. 69% of women and 59% of men with sz have a history of physical or sexual abuse . Shows that family dysfunction does make a person more vunerable to SZ.

Question 18

Cognitive

Question 19

PA

Answer 19

Led to the creation of CBT strength beause it provides treatement, therefore the expl can be seens as valid as it helps reduce symptoms of sz

Question 20

ALT expl

Answer 20

Bio expl state that sz is caused by genes more scientific

Question 21

Research support

Answer 21

Stroop test.
Compared 30 sz with 18 controls completing a stroop test, sz patients took twice as long to complete test supports idea that sz take congitively processing info differently than others suggesting a cause of sz counter lab task -lacks ecolgocial validty

Question 22

Research method

Answer 22

Used inferences assuming based on observable behaviour a lck in cnetral control and coined term speech poverty. atrificial task demand charactersittics could be quicker rather than exaggerated differences.

Question 23

Biological therapy

Answer 23

Antipsychotics drug treatment

Question 24

PA

Answer 24

More scinetific than other treatments therefore can be seen as more reliable

Question 25

Research support

Answer 25

Meta analysis of 56 studies showed patients who had stabilised and continued with both typican and atypical drugs had lower relapse rates than those given placebos this shows the effectiveness of drugs

Question 26

Accessiblitly

Answer 26

Requires less effort, easily administered, cheap and accesible

Question 27

Side effects

Answer 27

Typical a are associated with dizziness agitation, sleepiness and weight gain long term can lead to tarive dyskinesia. Most serious is NMS caused by blocking dopamine action in the hypothalamus can be fatal , shows they can do harm as well as good.

Question 28

Psycholgical thherapy

Answer 28

Familty therapy and CBT

Question 29

Family therapy

Question 30

RS

Answer 30

Pharoah et al 2010 reviewed 53 studies that compared ft with standard care medication in europe africa and north america relapse reduction during treatment and 24 months after. Compliance with medication increase.

Question 31

Effectiveness

Answer 31

Family members may be reluctant to take part in therapy, feel as it adds to their blame/guilt. Only effective when family members are actively engaged with the therapy .

Question 32

PA

Answer 32

beneficial to the famillies of those with sz Cobban et al studied 50 fmailies of which 60% reported a positive impact on the family following family intervention, shows its effectiveness plus increase more famillies to take part.

Question 33

Comparison with drugs

Answer 33

Drugs are better because its scientific can be used for short term and long term benefit as its cheap compared to ft which can't necesssarily be used in the long term. Also easily accesible.

Question 34

CBT

Question 35

RS

Answer 35

NICE 2014 meta analysis shows reduces relapse rate, increases social functioning and symptom severity. However patients were also on anti-psychotics

Question 36

Effectiveness

Answer 36

Haddock et al even though its a recomended treatment only 6.9% out of 187 patients were advised to use CBT. those advised didn't attend all sessions or refused to. Barrier of avolition , cost is expensive, barrier of speech poverty

Question 37

Alt treatment

Answer 37

ART therapy / VOICE therapy able to show people the hallucinations that they see so that others can understand, and help to dispel and tackle this irrational beliefs.

Question 38

Comparison to drug therapy

Answer 38

Found to be effective in reducing the rate of rehospitalisation for up to 18 months< These comparisons were amde against standard- care drug therapy alone. This provides evidence of its success

Question 39

Token economy

Question 40

RS

Answer 40

Dickerson et al 11/13 studies form a meta-analysis reported beneficial effects due to treatment of increasing adsptive behaviours in psychiatric settings . however lack of control groups didnt compare with sz who didnt do token economies.

Question 41

SSR

Answer 41

ethical imp- is it bad for doctors to restrict privacy and enjoyable activities until patients show desirable behaviour - application outside psychiatric setting.

Question 42

ALT therapy

Answer 42

Art therapy is a pleasant exp high gain low risk approach means that art therapy is a good alt to token econmies as there's no side effects or ethical abuses

Question 43

PA

Answer 43

Hard to continue outside a hospital setting target behaviours can't be closely monitored to give tokens, however some people may only be allowed to live outside in the real world if social interaction and personal care improves suggesting its worthwhile despite the issues surrounding them.

Question 44

Interactionist approach

Question 45

R

Answer 45

Ripke et al -108 candidate genes

Question 46

Adoption study

Answer 46

Tiernai et al compared 145 genetic risk adoptees with 158 low genetic risk adoptees. Family functioning of adoptive parents was an important predictor in likelihood if being diagnosed with sz

Question 47

side effects

Answer 47

biological

Question 48

Research evidence for both expl and treat

Question 49

Economy