Schizophrenia spectrum disorder

Question 1

what are some of the symptoms of psychotic disorders?

Answer 1

need 2 for diagnosis
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech and behaviour
- abnormal motor behaviour
- blunted affect/reduced speech
- anhedonia
- amotivation

Question 2

define anhedonia/amotivation

Answer 2

reduce in ability or motivation to take steps needed or engage in actions needed to get a positive outcome

Question 3

t or f: delusions are easy to fix once they are presented with conflicting information

Answer 3

false, they are often fixed and hard to change
- they are often culturally influenced

Question 4

what is the most common delusion?

Answer 4

Persecutory: someone or group of ppl are trying to hurt harm or plot against a person

Question 5

what are the different types of delusions

Answer 5

• persecutory
• grandiose (person believes they have special power/ability)
• referential (event/object in enviro is specifically for them)
• other (ppl are controlling thoughts/actions, thoughts are out loud, read ppls minds)

Question 6

define disorganized speech

Answer 6

• difficult to follow speech
• doesn’t follow questions/no flow
• can occur in writing as well

Question 7

define catatonia

Answer 7

• behaviours indicating a reduce in responsiveness to external enviro

Question 8

what is a negative symptom

Answer 8

absence of certain things typically expect most ppl to have

Question 9

flat affect

Answer 9

reduce of showing emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech intonation

Question 10

alogia

Answer 10

• reduction of amount of speech
• increased pausing before talking

Question 11

name different psychotic disorders

Answer 11

• schizophrenia
• schizophreniform disorder (brief version, less than 6 months but at least 1 month)
• schizoaffective disorder (mix of psychosis and depression/mania symptoms)
• delusional disorder (only delusions)
• brief psychotic disorder (symptoms only last for a few days/weeks)

Question 12

what are some examples of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia

Answer 12

• problems w working or episodic memory
• problem with tasks that require one to ‘control’ or regulate behaviour

Question 13

functional capacity

Answer 13

ability to engage in self care/grooming, work, school, and/or engage socially

Question 14

functional capacity

Answer 14

ability to engage in self care/grooming, work, school, and/or engage socially

Question 15

what are examples of cognitive deficits present in schizophrenia

Answer 15

• problem with:
• working memory
  -episodic memory
• controlling or regulating behaviour

Question 16

what neuroimaging tests are used in patients with schizophrenia

Answer 16

• MRI
• PET

Question 17

what have scans shown to be associted with delusions in psychosis?

Answer 17

• problems in “salience” detection mechanisms supported by the ventral striatum and anterior prefrontal cortex
• dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Question 18

what are the two primary types of antipsychotic medications used in treatment of schizophrenia?

Answer 18

• typical: block D2 type dopamine receptor, help with hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech not cog deficits/negative symptoms, come with motor side effects
• atypical: most target D2 receptors, fewer motor side effects, weight gain and increased risk of cardiovascular illness, type 2 diabetes and mortality

Question 19

t or f: there are no pharmaceutical treatments that work to help improve cognition

Answer 19

true

Question 20

What treatment helps with cognition in schizophrenia?

Answer 20

Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET)

Question 21

t or f: there is a single gene that cause schizophrenia

Answer 21

false

Question 22

t or f: schizophrenia looks very similar/is the same person to person

Answer 22

false, it is a heterogeneous disorder, two ppl can have very different symptoms

Question 23

what is hypoxia

Answer 23

lack of oxygen

Question 24

what increases risk of schizophrenia

Answer 24

• older father
  -runs in the family
• grow up in urban settings
• during pregnancy: stress, diabetes etc

Question 25

What is the 'Attenuated Psychotic Syndrome'?

Answer 25

- section added to DSM to diagnose and catch ppl at high clinical risk (mild psychosis symptoms) early on

Question 26

what are some changes seen in the brians of patients with schizophrenia?

Answer 26

changes in cellular architecture, white matter connectivity, and gray matter volume in a variety of regions that include the prefrontal and temporal cortices

Question 27

Karl has been suffering from the symptoms of schizophrenia for about a year. He has a reduction in his responsiveness to events in his surroundings, and his motor behavior is often slow or aimless. Which of the following best describes these symptoms? delusions. hallucinations. anhedonia. flat affect. catatonia

Answer 27

catatonia

Question 28

Of the following, which type of delusion is most commonly experienced among those suffering from a psychotic disorder? thought control. persecutory delusions. erotomanic delusions. delusions of reference. delusions of guilt

Answer 28

persecutory delusions.

Question 29

What is one of the biggest problems with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? - They are always accompanied by severe mood symptoms. - They show up very suddenly. - The medications used to treat these symptoms have stronger side effects.. - They may not be apparent to others and thus not get appropriate attention.. - They are not seen frequently enough to be included in DSM-5.

Answer 29

They may not be apparent to others and thus not get appropriate attention..

Question 30

After she receives an acceptance letter to her top choice university, Brenda says, “I guess that’s good. I’ll go there.” This sort of absence of emotions is called ______. anhedonia. echopraxia. alogia. echolalia. flat affect

Answer 30

flat affect

Question 31

Which of the following parts of the brain normally activate when important, aka “salient,” events happen? (These areas may under-perform in those with schizophrenia.) the ventromedial hippocampus and the inferior amygdala. the anterior cingulate and the locus coeruleus. the dorsal amygdala and the posterior postfrontal cortex. the ventral striatum and the anterior prefrontal cortex. the superior putamen and the lateral hypothalamus.

Answer 31

the ventral striatum and the anterior prefrontal cortex

Question 32

Both “typical” and “atypical” antipsychotic medications work by blocking a specific type of ______receptor in the brain. serotonin. dopamine. gamma-aminobutyric (GABA). norepinephrine. glutamate

Answer 32

dopamine

Question 33

positive vs negative symptoms

Answer 33

positive: exaggeration of behaviour negative: reduction of behaviour (anhedonia, amotivation)

Question 34

stages of schizophrenia

Answer 34

- premorbid (before) - prodromal (beginnning) - active (impairing symptoms) - residual (treated) OR chronic (cont. w treatment)