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Darby's Classes > Science Final part 2 > Flashcards

Science Final part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The environmental degradation of the copper basin, Tennessee region is the result of all of the following except:
a) destruction of nearby aquatic communities.
b) deforestation.
c) acid precipitation.
d) soil erosion.
e) All of these choices are associated with the environmental degradation of the Copper Basin area.

A

-all of these choices are associated with the environmental degradation of the copper basin area

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2
Q

Phytoremediation is a process used to:
a)remove impurities from metal ores.
b) absorb toxic materials from the soil.
c) treat harmful gases produced by smelting.
d) neutralize acid mine drainage.
e) minimize erosion in open-pit mines.

A

Absorb toxic materials from the soil

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3
Q

Dematerialization refers to
a) a company selling waste products to another company for a different use.
b) a decrease in the weight of products over time.
c) burning or otherwise destroying a product to reduce waste.
d) replacing one material in a product with a less expensive one.
e) recycling individual metals found in electronic products.

A

-a decrease in the weight of products over time

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4
Q

Which of the following is used to separate impurities from molten metal?
a) tailings
b) phytoremediation
c) mine drainage
d) smelting
e) recycling

A

smelting

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5
Q

Which of the following statements about wetlands is false?

A

creating and maintaining wetlands is an inexpensive solution to the problem of acid mine drainage.

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6
Q

Mineral ___ have been identified and are currently profitable to extract, while mineral ____ include ores that are undiscovered or currently unprofitable to extract.
a) funds; collections
b) caches; refuges
c) resources; reserves
d) reserves; resources
e) stores; hoards

A

reserves; resources

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7
Q

The environmental damage near Ducktown, Tennessee was caused by:
a) coal mining and ash ponds.
b) copper mining and smelting.
c) gold mining and smelting.
d) strip mining for diamonds.
e) open-pit mining for sand and gravel.

A

copper, mining, and smelting

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8
Q

____ use a variety of instruments to locate valuable mineral deposits.

A

geologists

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9
Q

The Safe Drinking Water Act and the Underground Injection Control Program regulate the placement and number of such wells, which can be located only where minimal danger of groundwater contamination exists.
True
False

A

true

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10
Q

The Pollution Prevention Act (1990) was the first U.S. environmental law to focus on the reduced generation of pollutants at their point of origin
True
False

A

true

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11
Q

Bioremediation is not the use of bacteria and other microorganisms to break down hazard
True
False

A

False

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12
Q

Pesticides are typically organic compounds
True
False

A

true

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13
Q

Hazardous waste includes dangerously reactive, corrosive, ignitable, or toxic chemicals
True
False

A

true

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14
Q

Non-municipal solid waste is generated by industry, agriculture, and mining
True
False

A

true

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15
Q

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is discarded by homes, office buildings, retail stores, restaurants, schools, hospitals, and other commercial and institutional facilities. It is a relatively 50% of all the solid waste produced
True
False

A

false

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16
Q

The U.S. generates more solid waste, per capita, than any other country (1.99 kg or 4.38 lbs. per person per day)
True
False

A

true

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17
Q

Combustion of which of these fossil fuels is/are linked to global warming?
coal
natural gas
methane
oil
All of these

A

all of these

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18
Q

Water:
is composed only of oxygen atoms.
is composed of two atoms of oxygen and one atom of hydrogen.
is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
is composed of two atoms of helium and one atom of oxygen.
is composed only of hydrogen atoms.

A

is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

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19
Q

Saltwater intrusion can occur in coastal areas due to:
wetland degradation
subsidence
sinkhole formation
excessive groundwater pumping
larger or more frequent hurricanes

A

excessive groundwater pumping

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds describe the way:
an oxygen atom in a single molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom in an adjacent molecule
a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an oxygen atom in an adjacent molecule.
two hydrogen atoms in a single water molecule are attracted to one another
a hydrogen atom in a single molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom in that same molecule
a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to a hydrogen atom in an adjacent molecule

A

a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an oxygen atom in an adjacent molecule.

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21
Q

_______ are minerals that are usually malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and lustrous.
Low-grade ores
Phosphates
Metals
High-grade ores
Rocks

A

metals

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22
Q

Negative environmental impacts from oil and natural gas production may occur due to:
accidental spills during transport
radical changes in the local topography
release of toxins
release of particulates into the atmosphere
release of acids

A

accidental spills during transport

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23
Q

All of these factors are important in the discovery of oil and natural gas deposits except:
identification of core samples containing microfossils
association with remains of ancient forests
detection of structural traps
association with salt domes
location of the right rock layer

A

association with remains of ancient forests

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24
Q

Which of these fossil fuels is composed primarily of methane?
oil
lignite
tar sands
natural gas
coal

A

natural gas

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25
Q

Which of these statements about coal is false?
Coal supplies about 20% of the energy used in the United States.
Which of these statements about coal is false?
Coal powered the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution
Coal produces far less SO2 than natural gas or oil
Subsurface mining accounts for about 40% of the coal mined in the U.S.

A

Coal produces far less SO2 than natural gas or oil

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26
Q

Combustion of which of these fossil fuels is/are linked to global warming?
coal
oil
methane
natural gas
All of these

A

All of these

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27
Q

Natural gas may be used in all of the following except:
generation of electricity
plastics and paints
transportation
cogeneration
commercial cooling

A

plastics and paints

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28
Q

What does the term “Peak Oil” refer to?
an environmentally friendly synthetic oil with much lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional oil
the point in time at which the maximum amount of oil is being pumped from underground
the time period during which international economies based on petroleum products arose
the time period during which oil refineries operate at their highest capacity
the time period during which the rate of oil use is highest

A

the point in time at which the maximum amount of oil is being pumped from underground

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29
Q

Today the world’s main energy source is
natural gas
nuclear
oil
coal

A

oil

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30
Q

Potential uses for calcium sulfate sludge, resulting from acid neutralization, include:
wallboard and soil conditioner
wallboard
soil conditioner
all of these
concrete

A

wallboard and soil conditioner

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31
Q

The energy released in the burning of biomass fuels:
originated as solar energy
All of these
was stored as chemical energy in plant tissues or animal waste products
was initially converted from solar energy to chemical energy by the process of

A

all of these

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32
Q

Growing crops specifically for alcohol production would probably result in:
All of these
increased soil erosion
increased pollution by fertilizers and pesticides
increased desertification
reduced food production

A

all of these

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33
Q

What is the role of the reactor core in a nuclear power plant?
it restricts atomic fallout to reduce contamination
it breaks large radioisotopes into smaller radioisotopes
it provides heat to superheat water into steam under pressure, which is used to generate electricity
it maintains one radioactive decay per second
it reacts chemically with high-energy particles rendering them inert

A

it provides heat to superheat water into steam under pressure, which is used to generate electricity

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34
Q

Estimates of mineral reserves are dependent upon:

a) technological changes.
b) economic changes.
c) political changes.
d) price fluctuations.
e) all of these statements are true

A

all of these statements are true

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35
Q

Tar sands, oil shales, and gas hydrates are examples of

a) fossil fuels
b) synfuels
c) evaporates
d) petrochemicals
e) strata

A

synfuels

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36
Q

The greatest increase in worldwide energy consumption in the last few years is related to:

a) American fascination with driving SUVs
b) Economic development in China and India
c) Use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture
d) Increase in population in Africa
e) Global warming

A

Economic development in China and India

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37
Q

China is quickly becoming a major player in the global market of oil consumption for all of these reasons except:

a) China has developed technology for converting coal into oil
b) China’s economic growth is exploding
c) China’s motor vehicle ownership per capita is increasing
d) China has a population of over 1 billion people
e) Mass transit primarily uses oil as a source of energy

A

China has developed technology for converting coal into oil

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38
Q

Based on the figure below, which region of the world has the third-largest oil deposits?

a) North America
b) Africa
c) Asia and Oceania
d) East Europe and former U.S.S.R.
e) South and Central America

A

East Europe and former U.S.S.R.

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39
Q

All of the following statements are true about surface mining except

a) It accounts for 60% of the coal mined in the United States
b) It is also known as strip mining
c) It is generally safer for miners than other coal mining processes
d) It is a less expensive mining process than subsurface mining
e) It is the most hazardous type of mining for workers

A

It is the most hazardous type of mining for workers

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40
Q

Which of the following fuels produces the greatest quantity of CO2 per unit of heat energy produced?

a) methane
b) natural gas
c) coal
d) oil
e) wood

A

coal

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41
Q

In areas experiencing acid precipitation, the pH of the rain may be

a) 2.1
b) 5.6
c) 7.0
d) 7.9
e) 11.9

A

2.1

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42
Q

Petrochemicals are used in the production of all of the following except:

a) paints
b) fertilizers
c) medicines
d) synthetic fibers
e) lightweight concrete

A
43
Q

Identify the bacterial genus that shows promise in “biomining” of certain valuable minerals (i.e., copper).

a) Arctostaphylos
b) Thiobacillus
c) Rhizobium
d) Streptococcus
e) Marchantia

A

Thiobacillus

44
Q

Provisions of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):

a) prohibit seabed mining in deep territorial waters.
b) apply only to international waters.
c) were developed primarily by the United States.
d) have been ratified by all countries that have oceanic borders.
e) None of these statements is correct.

A

apply only to international waters.

45
Q

Which of the following statements about Antarctica is FALSE?

a) The Antarctic Treaty of 1961 limits activity in Antarctica to peaceful uses, such as tourism and research.
b) Polar regions are extremely vulnerable to human activities and impact.
c) Substantial mineral deposits have been found in Antarctica.
d) The Madrid Protocol contains a moratorium on mineral exploration and development for at least 50 years.
e) This continent plays a pivotal role in regulating many aspects of the global environment

A

Substantial mineral deposits have been found in Antarctica.

46
Q

Large potato-sized nodules found on the sea floor contain manganese, copper, and nickel. What is the main reason these minerals have not been mined?

a) it would cost more to mine the minerals than they are currently worth
b) international agreements for seafloor mining do not yet exist
c) nobody is really sure where these nodules are located
d) the metals are of limited use and abundantly available elsewhere
e) none of these statements is correct

A

it would cost more to mine the minerals than they are currently worth

47
Q

What is the difference between an ore and a rock?

a) ores contain a large concentration of a particular mineral; a rock may or may not be an ore
b) ores contain only metallic minerals; rocks contain only nonmetallic minerals
c) ores are always profitable to extract; rocks are never profitable to extract
d) ores are good conductors of heat and electricity; rocks are not good conductors of heat and electricity
e) ores are usually formed through hydrothermal processes; rocks are usually formed through sedimentation

A

ores contain a large concentration of a particular mineral; a rock may or may not be an ore

48
Q

Which of the following best describes renewable energy resources?
A.They contribute only 70% as much greenhouse gases as fossil fuels do.
B.They currently supply 20% of the Earth’s electricity.
C. They have been largely ignored by the Obama administration.
D. They are unsuitable for the economies of developing nations.

A

They currently supply 20% of the Earth’s electricity

49
Q

Which one of the following does not represent indirect solar energy?
A.Nuclear fission
B.Biomass
C.Hydroelectric
D.Windmills

A

Nuclear fission

50
Q

One of the least promising non-fossil fuel energy sources is:
A.geothermal energy.
B.biomass energy.
C.wind power.
D.thermal-energy conversion in the oceans.

A

thermal-energy conversion in the oceans.

51
Q

Which of the following techniques is used to identify structural traps that might contain oil and natural gas?

a) mining
b) watch plate tectonics
c) satellite imaging
d) drill test holes and obtain rock samples
e) watch plate tectonics and drill test holes and obtain rock samples

A

drill test holes and obtain rock samples

52
Q

In fluidized-bed combustion of coal, what is mixed with coal to remove which major air pollutant?

a) sand; nitrogen oxides
b) limestone; carbon dioxide
c) sand; sulfur oxides
d) limestone; sulfur oxides
e) water; sulfur oxides

A

limestone; sulfur oxides

53
Q

All of these factors are important in the discovery of oil and natural gas deposits except:

a) detection of structural traps
b) association with salt domes
c) association with remains of ancient forests
d) location of the right rock layer
e) identification of core samples containing microfossils

A

association with remains of ancient forests

54
Q

Initially the Clean Air Act of 1990 required ___ of the nation’s dirtiest coal burning plants to cut down on emissions

a) 50
b) 71
c) 111
d) 2300
e) 200

A

111

55
Q

One of the most destructive types of surface mining for the land itself

a) is mountaintop removal using a dragline
b) is associated with the increased risk of black-lung disease in miners
c) is regulated by the guidelines of the 1977 Surface Mining and Reclamation Act
d) is most common in the western United States
e) involves replacement of the overburden that is first removed

A

is mountaintop removal using a dragline

56
Q

Which of the following is associated with subsurface mining?

a) overburden
b) spoilbank
c) strip mining
d) reduced environmental problems
e) more complete removal of coal

A

reduced environmental problems

57
Q

A thick, asphalt-like oil that permeates tar sands is:

a) overburden
b) bitumen
c) kerogen
d) gas hydrate
e) anhtracite

A

bitumen

58
Q

Ice-encrusted energy reserves contained deep underground in porous rock are known as:

a) overburden
b) bitumen
c) kerogens
d) gas hydrates
e) anhtracite

A

gas hydrates

59
Q

The process of Coal Liquefaction may be used to produce:

a) a nonalcohol liquid fuel
b) bitumen
c) kerogens
d) gas hydrates
e) anhtracite

A

a nonalcohol liquid fuel

60
Q

All of the following are arguments against oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge EXCEPT:

a) using domestic oil is only a short-term fix to energy problems in the United States
b) it will be financially impractical to restore lands developed for oil extraction
c) there is no nearby infrastructure to facilitate oil drilling
d) documented declines in populations of wolves and bears in nearby areas where drilling has occurred
e) oil extraction in Prudhoe Bay has been declining

A

there is no nearby infrastructure to facilitate oil drilling

61
Q

The main cause(s) for deforestation in tropical areas is:
A) Suburban sprawl
B) Cattle ranching
C) Fires caused by drought
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

A

Cattle ranching

62
Q

A logging practice in which all trees in a stand of forest are cut, leaving just the stumps is called
A) Substinence agriculture
B) Clear-cutting
C) Land-clearing
D) Selective cutting
E) None of the above

A

Clear-cutting

63
Q

How much prime US farmland is lost each year to urbanization suburban sprawl?
A) 10,000 acres.
B) 100.000 acres.
C) 400,000 acres.
D) 750,000 acres.
E) 1,000,000 acres.

A

400,000 acres.

64
Q

How much of the total land area is currently used for agriculture?
A) 3%
B) 12.6%
C) 28%
D) 36%
E) 71%

A

12.6%

65
Q

The loss of wetlands is legislatively controlled by the section of the:
A) Emergency Wetlands Resource Act
B) the Clean Water Act
C) the Fish and Wildlife Service
D) the Food Security Act
E) None are correct

A

the Clean Water Act

66
Q

Which of the following is not a commercial product of wetlands?
A) blueberries
B) cranberries
C) grapes
D) peat moss
E) wild rice

A

grapes

67
Q

Conservation strategies that set aside ecosystems for preservation?
A) are the best way to preserve an area’s diversity
B) increase the likelihood that a given ecosystem will be exploited
C) can only be carried out by government agencies
D) are impractical and not encouraged

A

are the best way to preserve an area’s diversity

68
Q

When an ecosystem faces critical geographic reduction or restriction, environmental degradation, or biotic degradation and or a combined quantified risk is classified as:
A) collapsed
B) critically endangered
C) vunerable
D) near threatened
E) endangered

A

critically endangered

69
Q

Pinnacles National Park provides critical habitat for what endangered bird species?
A) California condor
B) Bald eagle
C) Scarlet tanager
D) Hooded warbler

A

California condor

70
Q

Approximately how much of the world’s total land area is considered unsuitable for long‐term human use?
A) 3%
B) 13%
C) 30%
D) 58%
E) 71%

A

30%

71
Q

All of the following are benefits of coastal wetlands except:
a. improved water quality
b. produce important commercial products
c. reduced flooding through their ability to hold excess water
d. provide habitat for endangered species
e. reduce impact of ozone depletion

A

reduce impact of ozone depletion

72
Q

The natural or human-induced process that decreases the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock is known as:
a. desertification
b. clear-cutting
c. undergrazing
d. overgrazing
e. land degradation

A

land degradation

73
Q

Forests:
a. promote soil erosion
b. release large amounts of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere
c. maintain watersheds
d. fix large amounts of oxygen, removing it from the atmosphere
e. provide habitat for few animal species

A

maintain watersheds

74
Q

Tropical dry forests are being destroyed largely due to demand for:
a. pharmaceutical products
b. industrial wood and wood fiber
c. mining ores
d. food
e. fuel

A

fuel

75
Q

A legal agreement that protects privately owned forests or other property from development for a specified number of years is termed:
a. a sanctuary deed
b. a public rangeland
c. a habitat right of way
d. a conservation easement
e. an ecosystem lien

A

a conservation easement

76
Q

An ecological simplification in which only one type of plant is cultivated over a large area is called a:
a. single species standard
b. natural regulation
c. wildlife corridor
d. wise-use move
e. monoculture

A

monoculture

77
Q

Which of the following statements regarding trees and climate change is true?
a. the process of photosynthesis removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere
b. trees take greenhouse gases and turn them into CO2, an important compound for many living organisms
c. there is much more carbon stored in trees than there is in the atmosphere
d. the oxygen produced by trees helps to moderate climate change
e. when trees act as carbon “sinks,” they accelerate climate change

A

the process of photosynthesis removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere

78
Q

According to recent climate projections, how is Amazonia likely to be affected by deforestation?
a) Rainfall will decrease.
b). Temperatures will increase due to a negative feedback loop between forest cover, drought, and air temperature.
c). Drought frequency could increase forest loss.
d). All of these
e). a and c

A

a and c

79
Q

Habitat corridors are intended to provide:
a. a means for controlling insect pests and invasive species
b. increased timber production
c. opportunities for larger animals to establish larger territories
d. further habitat fragmentation
e. increased species richness within forest monocultures

A

opportunities for larger animals to establish larger territories

80
Q

Which of the following statements about rangelands is true?
a. Rangelands can benefit from overgrazing by cattle since it may actually increase the plant diversity
b. Rangelands have native grasses with fibrous root systems that can survive extended periods of drought
c. Rangelands are valuable for food production but yield no other economically valuable resources
d. About 10% of the human population lives in rangelands that border deserts
e. Rangelands are found in temperate regions, but not in tropical climates

A

Rangelands have native grasses with fibrous root systems that can survive extended periods of drought

81
Q

What is the relationship of overgrazing to desertification?
a. Overgrazing is brought about by cattle; desertification is brought about by temperature
b. Overgrazing is the destruction of vegetation; desertification is the destruction of a desert ecosystem
c. Overgrazing is caused by too fertile rangeland; desertification is caused by too fertile agricultural land
d. Overgrazing results in barren exposed soil; if erosion continues, it contributes to desertification
e. Overgrazing is a synonym for desertification

A

Overgrazing results in barren exposed soil; if erosion continues, it contributes to desertification

82
Q

The decline in genetic diversity within a given variety of crop plant results in loss of:

all of these choices are correct
size variations
nutritional differences
color variations
flavor differences

A

All are correct

83
Q

Which of the following crops has not been significantly improved by the green revolution?

rice
sweet potatoes
potatoes
wheat
corn

A

sweet potatoes

84
Q

From the farmer’s field to the kitchen table, which section of the conventional “food pipeline” contributes the most greenhouse gases?

marketing
transportation
food production
packaging
home storage

A

food production

85
Q

Which of the following is/are currently used to increase livestock yields in industrialized countries?

using genetically engineered foodstuffs
administering antibiotics and hormones
implementing integrated pest management
maintaining a wide variety of genetically diverse livestock
increasing use of nomadic herding

A

administering antibiotics and hormones
implementing integrated pest management

86
Q

In the future, all of the following factors are likely to contribute to an increased demand for rice, corn and wheat EXCEPT:

increased use of crop plants to produce biofuels
increasing affluence
increasing demand for meat
migration away from productive growing areas
increased population size

A

migration away from productive growing areas

87
Q

Which of the following is not an environmental problem associated with industrialized agriculture?

release of antioxidants
soil erosion
habitat loss
depletion of freshwater resources
disposal of livestock wastes

A

release of antioxidants

88
Q

GM (genetically modified) crops and foods:

-all of these choices are correct
-may have higher nutritional value than the original product
-may produce unexpected allergic reactions in some consumers
-may be resistant to pests, diseases, and stressful (weather)/climate conditions
-have been largely banned by the European Union

A

all of these choices are correct

89
Q

All of the following are subsistence agriculture practices except:

intercropping
high-input agriculture
nomadic herding
slash-and-burn agriculture
shifting cultivation

A

high-input agriculture

90
Q

The two atmospheric gases most important to humans and other organisms are:

A. oxygen and argon
B. carbon dioxide and nitrogen
C. carbon dioxide and oxygen
D. hydrogen and oxygen

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen

91
Q

The most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere is:

A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
C. nitrogen.
D. hydrogen.

A

nitrogen.

92
Q

Temperature inversions:

A. all of these choices are correct
B. typically last for weeks at a time.
C. cause gases and particulate matter to remain trapped near the ground.
D. occur when air a layer of warm air is trapped near the ground by a colder, upper layer.

A

cause gases and particulate matter to remain trapped near the ground.

93
Q

Industrial smog:

A. caused thousands of deaths in London.
B. is much worse in the summer months.
C. is formed from chemical reactions involving sunlight and hydrocarbons.
D. was first described in Los Angeles.

A

caused thousands of deaths in London.

94
Q

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water to produce:

A. sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
B. ozone.
C. carbonic acid and hydrochloric acid.
D. hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid.

A

sulfuric acid and nitric acid

95
Q

Forest decline can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT:

A. insects
B. lead
C. acid deposition
D. radon

A

radon

96
Q

Urban areas receive less sunlight than rural areas, partly as a result of greater quantities of __________ in the air.

A. ozone
B. hydrocarbons
C. nitrogen oxides
D. particulate matter

A

particulate matter

97
Q

Mexico City has attempted to improve its air quality by:

A. increasing gas exports to the United States.
B. switching to all hybrid vehicles.
C. prohibiting smoking in public areas.
D. replacing buses and taxis with a clean, non-polluting mass transit system

A

replacing buses and taxis with a clean, non-polluting mass transit system

98
Q

All of the following affect ozone-related air quality in Southern California except:

A. lead.
B. sunlight.
C. hydrocarbons.
D. high temperatures.

A

lead

99
Q

Air pollution is a greater health threat to children than adults because:
a. children need more oxygen than adults.
b. children breathe more air per pound of body weight than adults.
c. children have a higher metabolic rate than adults.
d. children’s lungs are still developing.
e. All of the above

A

all of the above

100
Q

Clay content is particularly important in soil because high-clay soils:

a) provide excellent drainage
b) have large surface areas that can “hold” mineral ions for plant use
c) contain abundant oxygen
d) are ideal for most agricultural crops
e) are easy to till for agriculture

A

have large surface areas that can “hold” mineral ions for plant use

101
Q

Loam:

a) contains about 40% each of sand and silt.
b) is an ideal agricultural soil.
c) has good aeration and drainage.
d) has a medium ability to hold nutrients and water.
e) All of these choices are correct

A

All of these choices are correct

102
Q

A(n) __________ is a type of soil that forms in temperate deciduous forests, has a highly leached A-horizon, and must be fertilized if cleared for farmland.

a) mollisol.
b) oxisol.
c) aridisol.
d) alfisol.
e) spodosol.

A

alfisol.

103
Q

Which of the following authorized the formation of the Soil Conservation Service (now called the
Natural Resources Conservation Service)?

a) Hugh H. Bennett
b) Soil Conservation Act of 1935
c) Food Security Act (Farm Bill) of 1985
d) The Conservation Reserve Program
e) Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (Farm Bill) of 1996

A

Soil Conservation Act of 1935

Darby's Classes (5 decks)

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