Scientific methid Flashcards
(9 cards)
What is the scientific method?
A systematic, dynamic process involving steps to objectively examine questions through observation and experimentation, reducing bias and allowing replicable research.
What are the steps in the scientific method?
1) Define a question, 2) Gather information/literature review, 3) Form a hypothesis, 4) Perform experiments, 5) Analyze data, 6) Share results, 7) Retest hypothesis.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis is an assumption made before research that can be tested. A theory explains phenomena already supported by evidence and research.
What is a null hypothesis?
A null hypothesis states there is no significant relationship between variables (e.g., no link between having a driving license and happiness).
What is an alternative hypothesis?
An alternative hypothesis proposes a relationship between variables and is accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected.
What is deductive scientific reasoning?
It starts with a general statement and narrows it down to a specific conclusion. If premises are true, the conclusion must be true (e.g., All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal).
What is inductive scientific reasoning?
It involves making generalizations from specific observations (e.g., if five eggs are rotten and have the same BBD, one may infer all are rotten).
What kind of reasoning did Karl Popper advocate for in science?
Deductive reasoning, emphasizing that scientific theories must be falsifiable—able to be tested and potentially proven false.
What kind of reasoning is common in descriptive science?
Inductive reasoning, which aims to observe, explore, and discover patterns from limited evidence.
