SECOND EXAM REVIEW (CH. 10) Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
the scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.
A
Pharmacology
2
Q
organization that approves new medications and removes unsafe medications from use
A
FDA
3
Q
The United States has a comprehensive system of medication and drug regulation
A
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
4
Q
- A purpose not approved by the FDA
- At doses different from the recommended doses
- By a route of administration not approved by the FDA
A
off-label
5
Q
Classifies certain medications with the potential of abuse into five categories (schedules)
A
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
6
Q
Schedule I drugs
A
heroin, marijuana, LSD
7
Q
Schedule II drugs
A
fentanyl (Sublimaze), methylphenidate (Ritalin) cocaine
8
Q
Schedule III drugs
A
Hydrocodone (Vicodin), acetaminophen with codeine, ketamine
9
Q
Schedule IV drugs
A
Diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)
10
Q
Schedule V drugs
A
Narcotic cough medicines
11
Q
heroin, marijuana, LSD
A
Schedule I drugs
12
Q
fentanyl (Sublimaze), methylphenidate (Ritalin) cocaine
A
Schedule II drugs
13
Q
Hydrocodone (Vicodin), acetaminophen with codeine, ketamine
A
Schedule III drugs
14
Q
Diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)
A
Schedule IV drugs
15
Q
Narcotic cough medicines
A
Schedule V drugs
16
Q
what are schedule I drugs?
A
high abuse potential with no recognized medical purpose
17
Q
what are schedule II drugs?
A
high abuse potential with a legitimate medical purpose
18
Q
Made completely in a laboratory
A
Synthetic
19
Q
Made from chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral
A
Semisynthetic
20
Q
What variables do pharmaceutical companies control?
A
Concentration
Purity
Preservatives
Other ingredients
21
Q
medication name used during development
A
chemical name
22
Q
medication name used to promote consistency and avoids duplication
A
nonproprietary name
23
Q
medication name selected for marketing
A
brand name
24
Q
Unites States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF)
Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) are sources that provides this type of medical profile
A
medication monograph
25
medication package inserts contain this information?
dosing, route of information, contraindications and adverse effects
26
Provides detail about medication selection and administration
AMA Drug Evaluations
27
Important factors to consider about medication storage
- Must provide adequate protection
- Must be convenient for quick access
- Must prevent physical damage
- Should be placed in protective bins
- Should facilitate quick and accurate identification
- should also avoid extreme sunlight, temperature, and physical damage
28
what is pharmacodynamics
how a medication affects process and function of body
29
the process of medication administration
absorption
distribution
biotransformation
elimination
30
pharmacokinetics
action of the body on a medication
31
ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site
affinity
32
level at which initiation of alteration of cellular activity begins
Threshold level
33
concentration of medication required to initiate a cellular response
Potency
34
ability to initiate or alter cell activity in a therapeutic or desired manner
Efficacy
35
Illustrates the relationship of medication concentration and efficacy
Dose-response curve
36
medications can alter cell function without interacting with receptors and are engineered to target microorganisms, lipids, water, and exogenous toxic substances
drug action
37
May target specific substances present in the cell walls of a bacteria or fungi
Antimicrobials
38
Bind with heavy metals.
| Sodium bicarbonate
Chelating agents
39
Create osmotic changes and alter distribution of fluids and electrolytes
diuretics
40
change concentration and distribution of ions in cells and fluids throughout the body
electrolyte based medications
41
factors affecting response to medications
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choice of medication
dose
route
timing
manner of administration
monitoring
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42
percentage of body fat in infants compared to adults
lowest in infants; increases in adults
43
percentage of body water in infants compared to adult s
highest in newborns; decreases throughout life
44
percentage of body proteins in relation to infants compared with adults
varies throughout life span
45
hyperthermic environment has this effect on medications
may increase metabolism of drugs and may reduce amount of drug returned to circulation
46
hypothermic environment has this effect on medications
impairs effectiveness of medications used in traditional cardiac life support
47
how does of pregnancy affect physiology of body
- Cardiac output and intravascular volume increase.
- Hematocrit decreases.
- Respiratory tidal volume, minute volumes increase.
- Inspiratory/expiratory reserve volumes decrease.
- Gastrointestinal motility decreases.
- Renal blood flow and urinary elimination increase.
- Endocrine glands undergo change
48
The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose
Therapeutic index
49
If difference in therapeutic index is large
medication is safe
50
If difference in therapeutic index is small
patient needs to be monitored
51
: repeated exposure within a particular class has the potential to cause a tolerance to the class
Cross tolerance
52
repeated doses within a short time rapidly cause tolerance
tachyphylaxis
53
undesirable medication interactions
medication interference
54
Duration and effectiveness is determined by
Dose
Route of administration
Clinical status of the patient
55
related to absorption and distribution
onset and peak
56
related to metabolism and elimination
duration
57
percentage of unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation
bioavailability
58
considerations when endotracheal medications have to be given
- administer at least 2 to 2.5 times the IV dose
| - follow with a 10- to 15- mL flush with sterile water or normal saline
59
If the IO site is the proximal tibia, what is the vein?
popliteal vein
60
If the IO site is the femur, what is the vein?
femoral vein
61
If the IO site is the distal tibia, medial malleolus, what is the vein?
great saphenous vein
62
If the IO site is the proximal humerus, what is the vein?
axillary vein
63
If the IO site is the manubrium, what is the vein?
internal mammary and azygos veins
64
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Liquid medications are converted into a mist that is sprayed into one or both nostrils.
Absorption is rapid.
Bioavailability is close to 100%.
unreliable
No risk for needlestick injury
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intranasal
65
Preferred method in the prehospital setting
Catheter is inserted into a peripheral or external jugular vein
Bioavailability is 100%.
Onset is quick.
Intravenous
66
Medication is injected into large muscle.
Bioavailability is from 75% to 100%.
Delayed absorption and onset of action
Confirm that:
Medication is appropriate for IM use
Particular muscle should be used
Particular technique for injection should be used
Intramuscular
67
Medication is injected into SC tissue site.
Certain medications are indicated for SC use only.
Slower absorption may prevent adverse cardiovascular effects.
Subcutaneous
68
May alter a patient’s clinical presentation or interfere with other medications administered
Deliver a relatively constant dose of mediation during a long period.
Often contain a large quantity of medication
Dermal and transdermal
69
Nitroglycerin is often given using this route.
Medication is placed under patient’s tongue.
Bioavailability is low.
Large doses are required.
Patients must be conscious and alert.
Sublingual
70
Limited to oxygen and antidote
May assist patients with medications via metered-dose inhalers
Medication may be nebulized.
Potential to cause bronchospasm
Inhaled or nebulized
71
Preferred over the oral route
Usually not subject to first-pass metabolism
May have greater than 90% bioavailability
Manufactured in suppository form
Absorption can be unpredictable
Rectal
72
blood is pumped through a dialysis machine
Hemodialysis
73
distribution of medication is determined by:
chemical, physical, patient factors
74
three barriers that can affect the movement of medications through capillary walls
blood brain, blood placenta, blood testes barrier
75
describes extent to which a medication will spread within the body
volume of distribution
76
medication becomes a metabolite
biotransformation
77
capable of pharmacologic activity
active metabolite
78
no longer possess the ability to alter a cell process or body function
inactive metabolite
79
where does most biotransformation occur? what types of meds, parenteral or enteral? through what system?
liver, enteral meds, P-450 system
80
this enzyme system alters the chemical structure of a medication
P-450 system
81
other tissues may cause biotransformation?
kidney, lungs, GI tract
82
how is medication primarily eliminated?
kidneys
83
fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period
Zero-order elimination
84
rate of elimination is influenced by substance’s plasma levels
First-order elimination
85
time needed for metabolism or elimination of 50% of the substance in plasma
Half-life
86
half life can be affected by these factors
disease states, changes in perfusion, medication interactions
