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Biochem reviewer > Second Wave > Flashcards

Second Wave Flashcards

0
Q

Maximal velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

Vmax

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1
Q

Substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is equal to 1/2 Vmax

A

Michaelis constant

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2
Q

Rate independent of substrate concentration

A

Zero (constant rate)

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3
Q

Rate proportional to substrate concentration

A

First (half,half,half,half)

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4
Q

Structure of the inhibitor resembles the substrate

A

Competitive inhibition

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5
Q

Vmax is lowered

A

Non competitive inhibition

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6
Q

Km does not change

A

Non competitive inhibition

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7
Q

Affinity of enzyme to the substrate is decreased

A

Competitive inhibition

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8
Q

The inhibitor and the substrate bind at different sites on the enzyme

A

Non competitive inhibition

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9
Q

Malathion’s effect on acetylcholinesterase

A

Non competitive inhibition

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10
Q

Simvastatin’s effect on HMG-CoA reductase

A

Competitive inhibition

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11
Q

Rate of reaction in High substrate concentration

A

Increase

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12
Q

Rate of reaction in Low substrate concentration

A

Decrease

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13
Q

Rate of reaction in Low temperature

A

Decrease

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14
Q

Rate of reaction in High temperature

A

Increase

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15
Q

Rate of reaction in both high & low pH

A

It depends

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16
Q

In Nitrogen balance, State where intake is greater than excretion. There is net accumulation of proteins.

A

Positive

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17
Q

In Nitrogen balance, State where excretion is greater than intake. There is net breakdown of proteins.

A

Negative

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18
Q

Enzyme that catalyze the transfer of the amino group of AAs to glutamate

A

Aminotransferase

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19
Q

Oxidatively deaminates glutamate to liberate free ammonia (kidney & liver)

A

Glutamine Synthetase

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20
Q

Deaminates glutamine to glutamate in the kidney and intestines

A

Glutaminase

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21
Q

Compounds in which organisms excrete excess nitrogen

A

Ammonia, Uric acid & Urea “AUU”

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22
Q

Produces urea from free ammonia

A

Urea cycle

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23
Q

Location of urea cycle

A

Mitochondria & Cytoplasm (Liver only)

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24
Q

Reactants for Urea cycle

A

Ammonia, CO2 & Aspartate “ACA”

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25
Q

End product of urea cycle

A

Urea

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26
Q

Rate Limiting step for Urea Cycle

A

NH3+CO2 -> carbamoyl phosphate

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27
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase I

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28
Q

Three compounds that are immediate donors of the atoms of urea

A

Free ammonia, Aspartate & CO2 “FAC”

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29
Q

Location of heme synthesis

A

Mitochondria & Cytoplasm (ALL tissues)

30
Q

Reactants for heme synthesis

A

Glycine & Succinyl CoA

31
Q

End product of heme synthesis

A

E-aminolevulinic acid

32
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for heme synthesis

A

ALA synthase

33
Q

Rate limiting step for heme synthesis

A

Glycine+Succinyl CoA -> ALA

34
Q

Enzyme for the conversion of heme to biliverdin

A

Heme Oxygenase

35
Q

Enzyme for the conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin

A

Biliverdin Reductase

36
Q

AAs Degradation & Synthesis: Pyruvate

A

Alanine

37
Q

AAs Degradation & Synthesis: Alpha-Ketoglutarate

A

Glutamate (ALT)

38
Q

AAs Degradation & Synthesis: Oxaloacetate

A

Aspartate

39
Q

Ketogenic AAs

A

Lysine & Leucine

40
Q

Glucogenic AAs

A

Valine

41
Q

Pigment derived from porphin. Chelates with iron, magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper or cobalt.

A

Porphyrin

42
Q

Hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, heparin, keratan sulfate & chondroitin sulfate

A

Glycosaminoglycans

43
Q

Found in extracellular matrix or connective tissues

A

Proteoglycans

44
Q

Component of most connective tissues in the body. Provides strength & support.

A

Collagen

45
Q

Found in the ground substance. GAG plus Protein core.

A

Proteoglycans

46
Q

Found in connective tissues which has elastic properties

A

Elastin

47
Q

Intermediate filament found in the epithelial cells. High in cysteine & sulfur.

A

Keratin

48
Q

Defense of body against foreign bodies harmful and nonharmful

A

Immunoglobulins

49
Q

Thick filaments found in the muscles, involved in muscle contraction.

A

Myosin

50
Q

Thin filaments found in the skeletal muscle. Could be fibrous or globular.

A

Actin

51
Q

Autosomal recessive, defect on Chromosome 3 & defective homogentisic acid oxidase.

A

Alkaptonuria

52
Q

Autosomal recessive, defective AA transporter in the renal tubule and intestinal epithelial cells

A

Cystinuria

53
Q

Protein folding disorder

A

Prion & Alzheimer

54
Q

Glutamate is replaced by valine at position 6 of the B-globin chain, causing hgb that polymerizes inside the RBC.

A

Sickle cell anemia

55
Q

Synthesis of alpha-chains is decreased or absent

A

Alphathalassemia

56
Q

Spectrin deficiency causes spherical RBCs that are rapidly culled by the spleen

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

57
Q

Blue sclera, multiple fractures & conductive hearing loss

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

58
Q

Berry aneurysms, hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints & tendency to bleed.

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

59
Q

Loose teeth, sore spongy gums, poor wound healing, petechiae on skin and mucous membranes.

A

Scurvy

60
Q

Hereditary nephritis with sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport syndrome

61
Q

Aortic dilation, dolichostenomelia & aracnodactyly.

A

Marfan syndrome

62
Q

Panacina emphysema and liver failure

A

A-1 Antitrypsin deficiency

63
Q

Hepatolenticular degeneration from accumulation of copper in tissues with low levels of ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease

64
Q

Musty body odor, mental retardation, fair skin & eczema

A

PKU

65
Q

Urine turns black upon standing and is associated with debilitating arthralgias

A

Alkaptonuria

66
Q

Decreased pigmentation that increases the risk of skin cancer

A

Albinism

67
Q

Due to decrease in cysteine. Atherosclerosis, lens subluxation, stroke, MI, osteoporosis & tall structure.

A

Homocystinuria

68
Q

Staghorn calculi due to inherited defect of renal tubular AA transporter

A

Cystinuria

69
Q

MR from blocked degradation of branched chain AA

A

MSUD

70
Q

Photosensitivity, chronic inflammation to overt blistering and shearing in exposed areas of the skin due to defects in heme synthesis

A

Porphyrias

71
Q

Protein deprivation that is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories

A

Kwashiorkor

72
Q

Caloric deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein

A

Marasmus

Biochem reviewer (5 decks)

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