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Biochem reviewer > Third Wave > Flashcards

Third Wave Flashcards

0
Q

Measure of heat released or absorbed

A

Enthalpy

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1
Q

Measure of Randomness

A

Entropy

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2
Q

Free energy change under standard conditions (reactants and productsat 1 mol/L)

A

Standard free energy charge

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3
Q

Spontaneous: Yes

A

Negative Enthalpy

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4
Q

Spontaneous: Always

A

Positive & Negative Entropy

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5
Q

Spontaneous: No

A

Positive enthalpy

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6
Q

Maybe spontaneous but only at HIGH temp

A

Positive Entropy & Enthalpy

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7
Q

Maybe spontaneous but only at LOW temp

A

Negative Entropy & Enthalpy

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8
Q

Energy balance: endergonic reaction. Conserve heat.

A

Positive

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9
Q

Energy balance: spontaneous reaction

A

Negative

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10
Q

Energy balance: exothermic reaction

A

Not enough info

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11
Q

Energy balance: energy product is less than the energy reactants

A

Negative

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12
Q

a-D-fructose and B-D-fructose

A

Anomer

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13
Q

Galactose & Mannose

A

Isomer

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14
Q

Glucose & Mannose

A

Epimers

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15
Q

D-Galactose and L-Galactose

A

Enantiomers

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16
Q

Glycogen, Starch & Cellulose are examples of

A

Polysaccharide

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17
Q

Mannose, Glucose, Fructose & Galactose are examples of

A

Monosaccharide

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18
Q

Maltose, Sucrose & Lactose are examples of

A

Disaccharide

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19
Q

GLUT transporters: absorption of fructose in small intestine by facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT 5

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20
Q

GLUT transporters: Liver, Pancreas & Basement membrane

A

GLUT 2

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21
Q

GLUT transporters: 2° active forms

A

SGLT 1

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22
Q

GLUT transporters: Brain & RBC

A

GLUT 1

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23
Q

GLUT transporters: Adipose, Skeletal, Cardiac muscle, Kidney & Placenta

A

GLUT 3

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24
Q

GLUT transporters: requires insulin

A

GLUT 4

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25
Q

ATPs produced from anaerobic glycolysis

A

Gross 4, Net 2

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26
Q

ATPs produced from aerobic glycolysis

A

6 or 8

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27
Q

ATPs produced from complete oxidation of glucose

A

36 or 38

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28
Q

ATPs produced from complete oxidation of palmitate

A

129

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29
Q

Conversion of glucose to 2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

A

Glycolysis

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30
Q

Production of glucose from precursors such as lactate, glycerol, glucogenic AAs, intermediates of glycolysis and TCA cycle

A

Gluconeogenesis

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31
Q

Synthesis of storage form of CHO from UDP-glucose

A

Glycogenesis

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32
Q

Retrieval of glucose from its storage form

A

Glycogenolysis

33
Q

Produces NADPH, ribose 5P and provide a mechanism for metabolic use of 5C sugars

A

PPP/HMP shunt

34
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of CHO, CHON & Lipids

A

TCA

35
Q

Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 each donate a pair of electrons to a specialized set of electron carriers

A

ETC

36
Q

Location of Pathways: Glycolysis

A

All cells. Cytosol.

37
Q

Location of Pathways: Glycogen synthesis

A

Liver & Muscle. Cytosol.

38
Q

Location of Pathways: Gluconeogenesis

A

Liver & Kidney. Cytoplasm & Mitochondria.

39
Q

Location of Pathways: Ketogenesis

A

Liver

40
Q

Location of Pathways: ETC

A

All cells with Mitochondria and sufficient O2. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane.

41
Q

Location of Pathways: HMP shunt

A

Liver, adipose, adrenal cortex, thyroid, rbc, testes & lactating mammary gland. Cytoplasm.

42
Q

Location of Pathways: Fatty Acid Oxidation

A

Liver. Mitochondria/Peroxisome.

43
Q

Location of Pathways: Glycogen Degradation by acid maltase

A

Lysosome

44
Q

Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in muscle and brain.

A

Glycerophosphate

45
Q

Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in liver, kidney and heart.

A

Malate-Aspartate

46
Q

Transport of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA into the cytoplasm to produce a 16-carbon fatty acid

A

Citrate

47
Q

Transport of cytosolic palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.

A

Carnitine

48
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Glycolysis

A

PFK-1

49
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

50
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen Synthase

51
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

52
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: HMP shunt

A

G6PD

53
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

54
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Lipolysis

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I

55
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Ketogenesis

A

HmG CoA Synthase

56
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA Reductase

57
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Bile acid synthesis

A

Cholesterol 7-a Hydroxylase

58
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Steroid hormone synthesis

A

Desmolase

59
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Urea Cycle

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate Sythetase I

60
Q

Rate Limiting Steps: Pyrimidine Synthesis

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate Sythetase II

61
Q

For metabolism of Glucose

A

Glycolysis

62
Q

Location of Glycolysis

A

All cells. Cytoplasm.

63
Q

Reactants of Glycolysis

A

Glucose

64
Q

End product of Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate & Lactate

65
Q

Rate Limiting Step of Glycolysis

A

Fructose 1-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate

66
Q

Irreversible reactions of Glycolysis

A

G to G6P, F6P to F1,6BP and Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate

67
Q

Other products of Glycolysis

A

Water & NADH

68
Q

Location of Hexokinase

A

All cells

69
Q

Location of Glucokinase

A

Liver

70
Q

For phosphorylation of Glucose and other Hexoses

A

Glucokinase & Hexokinase

71
Q

Decrease Km & Vmax

A

Hexokinase

72
Q

Increase Km & Vmax

A

Glucokinase

73
Q

Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

74
Q

Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Lactate

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase

75
Q

Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Oxaloacetate

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

76
Q

Fate of Pyruvate and Enzymes used in reactions: Ethanol

A

Pyruvate Decarboxylase

77
Q

Generates NADH & FADH2 for ATP production, building blocks of AA and gluconeogenesis

A

Citric Acid Cycle

78
Q

Location of Citric Acid Cycle

A

Mitochindrial matrix. All cells.

79
Q

Reactants of Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

80
Q

Products of Citric Acid Cycl

A

CO2, NADH & FADH2

81
Q

Rate Limiting Step in Citric Acid Cycle

A

Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase

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