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Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genotype is determined by..

A

The sequence of bases

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2
Q

Prokaryotes nucleus and chromosome

A

DNA is free in the cytoplasm. Single circular chromosome

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3
Q

Eukaryotes nucleus and chromosomes

A

Membrane bound nucleus and their chromosomes are linear and coiled round histones.

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4
Q

Chromosomes are also found in..

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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5
Q

What bonds are between bases

A

Hydrogen

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6
Q

What is required for DNA replication

A

DNA template, free nucleotides, primers and DNA polymerase

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7
Q

Primers bond to the _ prime end

A

3

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8
Q

What seals together DNA fragments

A

Ligase

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9
Q

What can PCR be used for

A

Solving crimes, settle paternity, diagnose genetic disorders

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10
Q

Why do you use heat tolerant polymerase in PCR

A

So it doesn’t get denatured by the high temperatures

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11
Q

What temperature is the first stage of PCR

A

92 to 98°C, to denature of the DNA

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12
Q

What temperature is required for stage two PCR

A

50 to 65°C, To allow primers to bind, annealing

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13
Q

What temperature is required for stage three of PCR

A

70 to 80°C, to use polymerase to amplify

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14
Q

What side is DNA nucleotides added to

A

In a five prime to 3 prime direction

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15
Q

What is the name for the triplets carried by mRNA

A

Codons

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of tRNA

A

Triplet anti codon and an attachment side

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17
Q

What are ribosomes made up of

A

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

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18
Q

How was the mature transcript made

A

By removing introns from a primary transcript using RNA splicing

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19
Q

Describe transcription 

A

RNA polymerase can unwind DNA and then place nucleotides creating a primary transcript which is processed into a mature transcript

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20
Q

Describe translation

A

MRNA brings transcript to the ribosome. TRNA transport specific amino acid. Each mRNA codon codes for specific amino acid and peptide bonds are formed between amino acids forming proteins

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21
Q

Where are meristems found

A

In roots, shoots, between xylem and phloem

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22
Q

Embryonic

A

Found in the early embryo, pluripotent

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23
Q

Tissue stem cells

Study These Flashcards
A

Replenish differentiated cells and are multipotent example red bone marrow stem cells produce various blood cell types as well as replacing them self

24
Q

Uses of stem cells

Study These Flashcards
A

Therapeutic use e.g. to repair damage/diseased organs like skin graft and corneal transplants. Also used as model cells to study disease development or for drug testing

25
What is most of the eukaryotic genome made out of
Non-coding introns 
26
What are possible single gene mutations
Substitution, insertion, deletion
27
Missense (substitution)
different amino acid produced), one uneventful (usually) swap
28
Nonsense (substitution)
Stop codon creates a non functional
29
Splice site (substitution)
Effects exons and introns
30
What are possible chromosome mutations
Deletion translocation inversion and duplication
31
Describe translocation mutation
When a section of chromosome is either attached to another chromosome or swapped places
32
Describing inversion mutation
When the order is reversed
33
Why are duplication mutations important
It can lead to evolution. Duplicated genes can accumulate further mutations which allow potential for a new specialised function
34
Vertical gene transfer, explain
Genes are transferred down generations through reproduction
35
Horizontal gene transfer, explain
Across the same generation, using a pilus, leads to faster evolution
36
What is natural selection
The nonrandom increase in the frequency of DNA sequences that increase survival
37
Describe directional selection
When natural selection favours a certain extreme variation
38
Describe disruptive variation
When natural selection favours both extremes in variation
39
Describe stabilising natural selection
When natural selection favours the middle of the extremes in variation
40
What is a species
An organism that can interbreed and exchange genes which create fertile young
41
What is Allopatric speciation
Geographical barriers
42
What is Sympatric speciation
Ecological/behavioural barriers
43
Describe the processes of speciation
One original population, isolation, mutation, natural selection, selective pressure, two species that can no longer interbreed
44
What is bioinformatics
Statistical analysis of sequence data. Includes the comparison of genomes from different species, personal genomics and health, phylogenetics
45
What is Phylogenetic
Studies the evolution relationships including lineage which is the exact sequence in which species can be traced back through ancestor populations. Sequence divergence is when lineage diverged from common ancestry
46
What are the three key lineages
Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes
47
What are molecular clocks
Used to measure the number of mutations that accumulate in a DNA sequence over time
48
What are pharmacogenetics 
To predict a persons genome response to drugs
49
What is an anabolic reaction
Requires energy, builds large molecules from small molecules. Biosynthesis
50
What is a catabolic reaction
Releases energy, breaks down big molecules into small molecules. Degradation
51
What are pores
To allow ions of particular sizes to pass through membrane
52
What is an induced fit
When an enzyme changes shape to better fit the substrate
53
Substrates have a __ affinity, products have a ____ affinity for the active site 
High, low 
54
What happens to enzyme reaction when substrate concentration increases
It’s increases until enzymes are saturated
55
What is competitive inhibition
When it’s binds to active site
56
What is noncompetitive inhibition
When it binds away from active site but changes the shape of the active site
57
What is Feedback inhibition
End products in a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme at the start of the pathway

Higher Bio (5 decks)

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