Unit 2

Question 1

What is glycolysis

Answer 1

The breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate. Does not require oxygen and takes place in the cytoplasm

Question 2

Explain the different stages in glycolysis

Answer 2

The energy investment stage where 2 ATP is required. Result in a net gain of 2 ATP

Question 3

What is dehydrogenase

Answer 3

Removes hydrogen ions and electrons and coenzyme NAD forms NADH

Question 4

Explain the 2 variations of fermentation

Answer 4

Pyruvate -> ethanol + CO2 in plant cells and fungi.Pyruvate -> lactate in animal cells, reaction is reversible

Question 5

Where does the citric acid cycle take place

Answer 5

In the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 6

Where does the electron transport chain take place

Answer 6

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 7

 what is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain

Answer 7

It is the final hydrogen iron and electron acceptor and forms water as a result

Question 8

What enzyme is used to produce ATP

Answer 8

ATP synthase

Question 9

What sections of cellular respiration require oxygen

Answer 9

The citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain

Question 10

What is the total amount of ATP produced by cellular respiration

Answer 10

38

Question 11

What are the ways that metabolic rate can be measured

Answer 11

Oxygen consumption, CO2 production, heat production. Some ways of doing so or by using a calorimeter and an oxygen probe

Question 12

What kind of circulatory system do mammals have

Answer 12

A complete double circulatory system. Two atriums and two ventricles. Blood fully separated.

Question 13

What kind of circulatory system is do amphibians and reptiles have

Answer 13

They have incomplete double circulatory systems with only two atria and One ventricle

Question 14

What kind of circulatory systems Do fish have

Answer 14

Singular circulatory system one atria and one ventricle.

Question 15

What abiotic factors affect metabolic rate

Answer 15

Salinity temperature and pH

Question 16

What are conformers

Answer 16

Organisms that are dependent on external environment

Question 17

What are regulators

Answer 17

Organisms that can control their internal environment regardless of the external one

Question 18

What kind of niches and metabolic rates do regulators and conformers have

Answer 18

Regulators have wide ecological niche and high metabolic rate. Conformers have a narrow ecological niche and a low metabolic rate

Question 19

What is homeostasis

Answer 19

The regulation of the internal environment To provide the optimum temperature for enzyme and diffusion rates

Question 20

What is the hypothalamus

Answer 20

Monitors the bodies temperature. Located in the brain

Question 21

Ways in which thermoregulation deals with overheating

Answer 21

Vasodilation, Sweat vaporising off body, decrease in metabolic rate

Question 22

Ways in which thermoregulation deals with cold environments 

Answer 22

Vasoconstriction, hair erected, shivering, increased metabolism

Question 23

What is negative feedback control

Answer 23

the mechanism used to control the temperature of the body

Question 24

What is dormancy

Answer 24

A period when an organisms metabolic activity would be too costly

Question 25

What is predictive dormancy

Answer 25

Takes place before the onset of adverse conditions

Question 26

What is consequential dormancy

Answer 26

After the onset of adverse conditions

Question 27

What is daily torpor

Answer 27

A period of reduced activity which is short term

Question 28

What is aestivation

Answer 28

A period of high temperature or drought

Question 29

What is migration

Answer 29

The expenditure of energy to relocate so as to avoid adverse conditions

Question 30

Innate migration and learnt behaviours

Answer 30

Innate migration is instinctive behaviours, learnt behaviours is developed during lifespan

Question 31

How to track migration

Answer 31

Using a transmitter or leg rings

Question 32

What is required for cultivation of micro organisms

Answer 32

Energy, nutrients, sterility, correct pH and temperature, oxygen levels 

Question 33

Name the different stages during cultivation

Answer 33

Lag phase, log Phase, stationary phase, death phase

Question 34

What happens during the like phase

Answer 34

Enzymes are being induced and acclimatising to environment

Question 35

What happens during stationary phase

Answer 35

Organisms are depleted of nutrients

Question 36

What happens during the death phase

Answer 36

All substrates are depleted and there is a buildup of toxic metabolites

Question 37

What is the viable cell count

Answer 37

Only counts living cells

Question 38

What is the total cell count

Answer 38

Where all cells alive or dead or taking into account

Question 39

What is mutagenesis

Answer 39

Changing a micro organisms genetic material

Question 40

What are some mutagenic agent

Answer 40

Radiation for example UV light/x-rays and chemicals such as mustard gas

Question 41

Some examples of vectors

Answer 41

Plasmids and artificial chromosomes

Question 42

What is used to cut plasmids with the addition of sticky ends and what seals it together

Answer 42

Restriction endonuclease, ligase

Question 43

What are all the important sections of a plasmid

Answer 43

The restriction sites which are target sequences, the origin of replication, selectable markers such as antibodies, safety gene and the regulatory sequence which controls gene expression

Question 44

Why are recombinant yeast cells sometimes used

Answer 44

They produce active forms of proteins by folding them correctly

Question 45

What are the main risks of recombinant DNA

Answer 45

Uncontrolled dispersion into environment, highly adaptive, sideways genetic transfer to different species, unexpected metabolic modifications could be hard to control, creation of new pathogenic microorganisms is possible