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Biopsychology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

Introduction, Neurons, Communication

1
Q

What is biopsychology

A

a discipline of neuroscience that studies the nervous system to understand how it gives rise to what we perceive, think, say, and do

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2
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

Forebrain is composed of the

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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6
Q

Midbrain is composed of

A

mesencephalon

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7
Q

Hindbrain is composed of

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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8
Q

Cerebral cortex (definition)

A

outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere (aka brain matter)

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9
Q

How many layers in the cerebral cortex?

A

six

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10
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

keeps blood stream from coming in direct contact with neurons and keeps brain substances from directly entering bloodstream

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11
Q

Why do we need the BBB?

A

keep toxins from entering the brain

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12
Q

What is a disadvantage of the BBB?

A

medicines cannot reach the brain; cannot treat brain disease easily

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13
Q

Which chemicals cross the BBB require active transport?

A

large molecules and ionic molecules

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14
Q

neuron (function)

A

gather and transmit information

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15
Q

glial cells (definition)

A

play supporting roles, do not transmit information

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16
Q

microglial (function)

A

clean up cell damage

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17
Q

sensory neurons (afferent)

A

approaching the CNS

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18
Q

motor neurons (efferent)

A

exiting the CNS

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19
Q

interneurons

A

local function, usually inhibitory (suppression); no axon

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20
Q

dendrites

A

receive signal

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21
Q

axon

A

carry signal away from the cell

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22
Q

axon hillock

A

generate action potential

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23
Q

myelin sheath

A

more efficient electrochemical transmit

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24
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin

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25
Q

microtubule

A

package neurotransmitters

26
Q

neurofilament

A

structural support

27
Q

vesicle

A

sent through Golgi apparatus

28
Q

Ion

A

electrically charged molecules

29
Q

cell membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer

30
Q

ion channels

A

embedded proteins in the cell membrane

31
Q

voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by

A

electrical signals

32
Q

ligand-gated ion channels are controlled by

A

chemicals

33
Q

electrochemical gradient of a cell is maintained by the

A

permeability of a cell membrane (diffusion from high conc. to low conc.)

34
Q

molecules ability to cross the membrane is limited by

A

fat solubility
channel type and channel distribution
size

35
Q

membrane potential

A

refers to difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane, between the inside and outside of a neuron

36
Q

Which excitatory neurotransmitter is considered to be the most prevalent in the mammalian CNS?

A

glutamate

37
Q

Which type of glial cell is involved in cleaning up debris following tissue damage?

A

Microglia

38
Q

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials caused by?

A

Both influx of Cl- and efflux of K+

39
Q

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, which direction do calcium ions flow into the presynaptic neuron, and why?

A

into the neuron, because of diffusion down the electrochemical gradient

40
Q

The rate at which an axon can fire is determined by the duration of the relative refractory period

A

FALSE

41
Q

To produce an action potential, sodium ions move into the cell via ______ and this effect can be blocked by ______

A

Voltage-gated ion channels; Lidocaine

42
Q

Which of the following tools manipulate brain activity in a temporally precise and neuron specific manner?

A

Optogenetics

43
Q

The study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior is most often referred to as?

A

Neuropsychopharmacology

44
Q

What is the primary reason the cell maintains a negative charge?

A

the primary reason is owing to the semi-permeability of the cell membrane and the negative protein ion inside the cell

45
Q

the Na-K pump

A

It results in the net loss of one positive ion
It is embedded in the cell membrane
It uses energy

46
Q

What factors underlie the uneven ionic distribution across the cell membrane?

A

selective permeability of the membrane controls the movement of the ion molecules

47
Q

Presynaptic facilitation (or inhibition) is possible because of an __________ synaptic connection

A

Axoaxonic

48
Q

Temporal summation involves:

A

the integration of electrical events (EPSPs and IPSPs) occurring close in time

49
Q

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials caused by?

A

Both influx of Cl- and efflux of K+

50
Q

Sensory

A

Afferent

51
Q

Motor

A

Efferent

52
Q

EPSPs

A

Depolarize - more likely to fire

53
Q

IPSPs

A

Hyperpolarize - less likely to fire

54
Q

Types of synaptic transmission

A

Axoaxonic
Axodentritic
Axosomatic

55
Q

Axoaxonic definition

A

Connect from axon of presynaptic to axon of postsynaptic

56
Q

Axosomatic

A

Synaptic transition from axon to soma (cell body)

57
Q

Synapses are ____

A

Modifiable; called plasticity

58
Q

Ionotripic

A

Direct and fast acting

59
Q

Metabotropic

A

Indirect and slow acting (e.g. dopamine)

60
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

In myelinated neurons; speeds up transmission of action potential (signal jumps between nodes)

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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