Section 1

Question 1

What is biopsychology

Answer 1

a discipline of neuroscience that studies the nervous system to understand how it gives rise to what we perceive, think, say, and do

Question 2

Central nervous system

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

Question 4

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 5

Forebrain is composed of the

Answer 5

telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 6

Midbrain is composed of

Answer 6

mesencephalon

Question 7

Hindbrain is composed of

Answer 7

metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 8

Cerebral cortex (definition)

Answer 8

outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere (aka brain matter)

Question 9

How many layers in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 9

six

Question 10

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

Answer 10

keeps blood stream from coming in direct contact with neurons and keeps brain substances from directly entering bloodstream

Question 11

Why do we need the BBB?

Answer 11

keep toxins from entering the brain

Question 12

What is a disadvantage of the BBB?

Answer 12

medicines cannot reach the brain; cannot treat brain disease easily

Question 13

Which chemicals cross the BBB require active transport?

Answer 13

large molecules and ionic molecules

Question 14

neuron (function)

Answer 14

gather and transmit information

Question 15

glial cells (definition)

Answer 15

play supporting roles, do not transmit information

Question 16

microglial (function)

Answer 16

clean up cell damage

Question 17

sensory neurons (afferent)

Answer 17

approaching the CNS

Question 18

motor neurons (efferent)

Answer 18

exiting the CNS

Question 19

interneurons

Answer 19

local function, usually inhibitory (suppression); no axon

Question 20

dendrites

Answer 20

receive signal

Question 21

axon

Answer 21

carry signal away from the cell

Question 22

axon hillock

Answer 22

generate action potential

Question 23

myelin sheath

Answer 23

more efficient electrochemical transmit

Question 24

nodes of Ranvier

Answer 24

gaps in myelin

Question 25

microtubule

Answer 25

package neurotransmitters

Question 26

neurofilament

Answer 26

structural support

Question 27

vesicle

Answer 27

sent through Golgi apparatus

Question 28

Ion

Answer 28

electrically charged molecules

Question 29

cell membrane

Answer 29

a phospholipid bilayer

Question 30

ion channels

Answer 30

embedded proteins in the cell membrane

Question 31

voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by

Answer 31

electrical signals

Question 32

ligand-gated ion channels are controlled by

Answer 32

chemicals

Question 33

electrochemical gradient of a cell is maintained by the

Answer 33

permeability of a cell membrane (diffusion from high conc. to low conc.)

Question 34

molecules ability to cross the membrane is limited by

Answer 34

fat solubility channel type and channel distribution size

Question 35

membrane potential

Answer 35

refers to difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane, between the inside and outside of a neuron

Question 36

Which excitatory neurotransmitter is considered to be the most prevalent in the mammalian CNS?

Answer 36

glutamate

Question 37

Which type of glial cell is involved in cleaning up debris following tissue damage?

Answer 37

Microglia

Question 38

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials caused by?

Answer 38

Both influx of Cl- and efflux of K+

Question 39

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, which direction do calcium ions flow into the presynaptic neuron, and why?

Answer 39

into the neuron, because of diffusion down the electrochemical gradient

Question 40

The rate at which an axon can fire is determined by the duration of the relative refractory period

Answer 40

FALSE

Question 41

To produce an action potential, sodium ions move into the cell via ______ and this effect can be blocked by ______

Answer 41

Voltage-gated ion channels; Lidocaine

Question 42

Which of the following tools manipulate brain activity in a temporally precise and neuron specific manner?

Answer 42

Optogenetics

Question 43

The study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior is most often referred to as?

Answer 43

Neuropsychopharmacology

Question 44

What is the primary reason the cell maintains a negative charge?

Answer 44

the primary reason is owing to the semi-permeability of the cell membrane and the negative protein ion inside the cell

Question 45

the Na-K pump

Answer 45

It results in the net loss of one positive ion It is embedded in the cell membrane It uses energy

Question 46

What factors underlie the uneven ionic distribution across the cell membrane?

Answer 46

selective permeability of the membrane controls the movement of the ion molecules

Question 47

Presynaptic facilitation (or inhibition) is possible because of an __________ synaptic connection

Answer 47

Axoaxonic

Question 48

Temporal summation involves:

Answer 48

the integration of electrical events (EPSPs and IPSPs) occurring close in time

Question 49

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials caused by?

Answer 49

Both influx of Cl- and efflux of K+

Question 50

Sensory

Answer 50

Afferent

Question 51

Motor

Answer 51

Efferent

Question 52

EPSPs

Answer 52

Depolarize - more likely to fire

Question 53

IPSPs

Answer 53

Hyperpolarize - less likely to fire

Question 54

Types of synaptic transmission

Answer 54

Axoaxonic Axodentritic Axosomatic

Question 55

Axoaxonic definition

Answer 55

Connect from axon of presynaptic to axon of postsynaptic

Question 56

Axosomatic

Answer 56

Synaptic transition from axon to soma (cell body)

Question 57

Synapses are ____

Answer 57

Modifiable; called plasticity

Question 58

Ionotripic

Answer 58

Direct and fast acting

Question 59

Metabotropic

Answer 59

Indirect and slow acting (e.g. dopamine)

Question 60

Saltatory conduction

Answer 60

In myelinated neurons; speeds up transmission of action potential (signal jumps between nodes)