Section 6 Flashcards
Sleep (55 cards)
The three standard methods for monitoring and recording brain and physiological activity
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrooculography (EOG)
Electromyography (EMG)
Which waves are present during wakefulness
non-attentive: alpha
attentive: beta
EEG Stages of Sleep
Initial Stage 1 - NREM theta waves
Stage 2: higher voltage and slower than stage 1; k-complexes and sleep spindles
Stage 3: delta waves; no spindles
Stage 4: predominantly delta waves
Emergent Stages of Sleep
Stage 1: REM Sleep
Stages 3&4: Slow-wave sleep
What stage of sleep is indicated by long slow waves on an EEG? What is the name of the slow wave?
Stages 3&4 - delta waves
[True/False] Dreaming always occurs during REM
False. Dreaming occurs more often during REM but not always
What do each of the standard measurement methods show during REM sleep
EEG - similar to wakefulness; EOG - rapid eye movements; EMG - flat (no neck movements)
What measure(s) should an investigator use to determined whether a sleeper is in REM sleep? Which part of the the night is REM most common?
EEG; REM is most common before waking up
[True/False] All birds and mammals sleep
True
The variety in sleep time among species demonstrates
sleep serves some important physiological function
sleep is not an exclusive “higher-order” human function
sleep is not necessarily needed in large quantities for all animals
Recuperation Theory of Sleep
Sleep is for repair and restoration. Being awake disrupts homeostasis and sleep is required to restore it.
Circadian Theory of Sleep
Sleep is for preservation and protection. Sleep is an adaptive response to conserve energy to protect animals from the dangers of the night and is the result of an internal timing mechanism.
Freudian Theory of Dreams
Dreams represent subconscious wishes and repressed thoughts - not much modern evidence
Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreams (Hobson)
The cortex is activated by random signals from the brain stem (e.g. pons) and it tries to synthesize stories while asleep.
[True/False] Dreaming may help with learning
True. Demonstrated by Stickgold et al showed that dreaming about a task you’ve seen may help you complete it
Lesions to which brain areas produce a cessation of dreaming
Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
Medial prefrontal cortex
Which brain regions are involved in the visual imagery implicated in dreams
Medial occipital lobe
Why do we consider REM sleep to be paradoxical?
During REM, the EEG patterns are similar to wakefulness
REM sleep is in some ways the deepest sleep, but in other ways the lightest
REM is characterized by rapid eye movements, increased heart rate, irregular breathing, and genital erection although core muscles are more relaxed than in other stages
Our most familiar circadian rhythm is the
sleep-wake cycle
Evidence for an endogenous biological clock
physiological and behavioral activity rhythms continue even when animals are maintained in a constant environment
Free-running rhythms (definition)
animals demonstrate regular biological cycles in a constant environment
for humans usually slightly more than 24hrs
Do animals raised in unchanging lab environments show circadian rhythms?
Yes. This is because it is intrinsic and endogenous. The sleep-wake cycle is NOT a learned behavior.
What stimulus is the most effective zeitgeber for humans? What evidence indicates that humans have an internal biological clock?
sunlight; free-running rhythms
What brain region is associated with our internal biological clock?
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus contains rhythm-generating neurons
lesions to this brain region abolish most circadian rhythms
Isolated neurons display circadian rhythms of activity
