Section 1A-J Flashcards

Question

Conjugation of the verb βαίνω in the present indicative active

Answer 1

‘I go/am going/do go’ 1s βαίν- ω 2s βαίν- εις 3s βαίν- ει 1p βαίν- ομεν 2p βαίν- ετε 3p βαίν- ουσι(ν)

Answer 2

A ‘thematic’ verb is one consisting of stem + ‘thematic’ vowel + person endings. The ‘thematic’ vowels are: 1s. -ο- 1pl.-ο- 2s. -ε- 2pl.-ε- 3s. -ε- 3pl.-ο-

Answer 3

In Greek you can make COMPOUND VERBS from simple verbs like βαίνω by adding a prefix. We have seen some examples of this: εἰσ-βαίνω ‘I go into, on board’ (‘into-go-I’) κατα-βαίνω ‘I go down’ (‘down-go-I’)

Answer 4

1. Tense 2. Mood 3. Voice 4. Person 5. Number

Answer 5

The VOC. is the ‘calling’ CASE – used when someone is being called or addressed (cf. ‘Play it again, Sam’). Its form is frequently identical to the nom, but is sometimes distinguished from the nom. in the s.; in the pl., nom. and voc. are always the same. The voc. is often prefaced with ὦ in Greek, and is usually found with IMPERATIVES (as βαῖνε) or second-person verbs (e.g. βαίνεις and βαίνετε, ‘you are going’).

Answer 6

Singular: βαῖν-ε Plural: βαῖν-ετε

Answer 7

The pl. imperative mood, βαίνετε is identical to that of the second person pl. indicative mood. So βαίνετε could mean either ‘go!’ (pl.) or ‘you (pl.) are going’. Only the context can give you the right answer.

Answer 8

Put μή before the imperative: μὴ βαῖνε ‘do not go!’ (s.) μὴ βαίνετε ‘do not go!’ (pl.)

Answer 9

The particles μέν and δέ are frequently used to make a contrast. They can never be the first word in a phrase and the words are never used side by side. The words also follow negatives. Can often be translated as A BUT B, or WHILE A, B. μέν ... δέ ... δέ ... δέ ... δέ ... δέ (etc.) is used to construct a (usually uncontrasted) list: ‘A and B and C and D and E’, etc.

Answer 10

Pronouns can be used to emphasise the person in the verb-ending, e.g.: τί πoιεῖς σύ; οὐδὲν ἔχω ἔγωγε.

Answer 11

hear, listen

Answer 12

but, alternatively

Answer 13

for, because

Answer 14

chase, pursue

Answer 15

I at least/at any rate

Answer 16

enter, board (literally, into-go)

Answer 17

go/come down (literally, down-go)

Answer 18

remain, wait for

Answer 19

so, then, really, therfore

Answer 20

flee, run away/off

Answer 21

why? (literally, from what?)

Answer 22

And not (literally a concatenation of the two)

Answer 23

where (at)?

Answer 24

accurately, closely

Answer 25

help, run to help

Answer 26

show, reveal

Answer 27

badly, evilly

Answer 28

finely, beautifully

Answer 29

Verbs ending in -ω like βαίνω are the ‘normal’ Greek verbs. Verbs whose stem (the part that does not change) ends in a vowel have slightly different endings. There are three kinds: α-contracts (e.g. ὁρά-ω); ε-contracts (e.g. ποιέ-ω, ‘I do/make’); ο-contracts (e.g. δηλό-ω, ‘I show’).

Answer 30

α + α = ᾱ ε + α = η ο + α = ω

Answer 31

α + ε = ᾱ ε + ε = ει ο + ε = ου

Answer 32

α + ο = ω ε + ο = ου ο + ο = ου

Answer 33

1s. ὁρ-ῶ 2s. ὁρ-ᾷς 3s. ὁρ-ᾷ 1p. ὁρ-ῶμεν 2p. ὁρ-ᾶτε 3p. ὁρ-ὦσι(ν)

Answer 34

1s. ποι-ῶ 2s. ποι-εῖς 3s. ποι-εῖ 1p. ποι-οῦμεν 2p. ποι-εῖτε 3p. ποι-οῦσι(ν)

Answer 35

1s. δηλ-ῶ 2s. δηλ-οῖς 3s. δηλ-οῖ 1p. δηλ-οῦμεν 2p. δηλ-οῦτε 3p. δηλ-οῦσι(ν)

Answer 36

s. ὅρ-α ‘see!’ p. ὁρ-ᾶτε ‘see!’

Answer 37

s. ποί-ει ‘do!/make!’ p. ποι-εῖτε ‘do!/make!’ Pay particular attention to the accent on imperative s. active ποίει (‘do!’). This distinguishes it from the third person s. indicative active ποιεῖ (‘he/she/it does’).

Answer 38

s. δήλ-ου ‘show!’ p. δηλ-οῦτε ‘show!’

Answer 39

Adverbs in Greek do not change form.

Answer 40

Adverbs (which do not change their forms) are mostly formed by substituting ς for the ν at the end of the m. gen. pl. form of the adjective. So most adverbs end with -ῶς or -έως.

Answer 41

A pattern of inflection according to grammatical case.

Answer 42

Broadly speaking, there are THREE DECLENSIONS in Greek. - stems in α- (Type 1) - stems in ο- (Type 2) - all the rest (Type 3) Each DECLENSION or TYPE has a number of sub-types, reflecting slight differ- ences in the endings used (these sub-types will be called 1a–d, 2a and b, and 3a–h).

Answer 43

s. pl. Nom. ἄνθρωπ-ος ἄνθρωπ-οι Acc. ἄνθρωπ-ον ἀνθρώπ-ους Gen. ἀνθρώπ-ου ἀνθρώπ-ων Dat. ἀνθρώπ-ῳ ἀνθρώπ-οις Voc. ὦ ἄνθρωπ-ε The endings are very similar to those for the masculine and neuter definite article in the present indicative active. Most 2a nouns are masculine, although there are some that a feminine or both (like this one).

Answer 44

s. pl. Nom. ἔργ-ον ἔργ-α Acc. ἔργ-ον ἔργ-α Gen. ἔργ-ου ἔργ-ων Dat. ἔργ-ῳ ἔργ-οις The endings of TYPE 2b nouns are similar to those of the neuter def. art. and the neuter forms of καλός. TYPE 2b nouns are all neuter. N. nouns are often inanimate, or regarded as effectively inanimate, and some diminutive, perhaps affectionate, like παιδίον ‘child, slave’ (!).

Answer 45

The nom. and acc. s. and nom. and acc. pl. of all n. nouns and adjectives are identical. Only the context of the sentence will tell you whether the noun in question is subject or object.

Answer 46

N. pl. subjects (normally) take a s. verb.

Answer 47

the man; fellow

Answer 48

the task, work, job; duty

Answer 49

the market-place

Answer 50

bad, evil; cowardly; lowly, mean

Answer 51

the captain, helmsman

Answer 52

the boat, life-boat

Answer 53

Ιf an adjective ends in -ος in the m. nom. s. and its stem ends in ι, ρ, ε, it will follow the pattern of ἡμέτερος (i.e. it will have α instead of η in the f. s.). For example, the f. nom. s. of ῡμέτερ-ος, ‘your(s)’, is ῡμετέρ-ᾱ, like ἡμετέρ-ᾱ, because its stem ends in ρ.

Answer 54

from, away from + gen.

Answer 55

into + acc. 'Get INTO the boat' (note difference from ἐν)

Answer 56

from, out of + gen.

Answer 57

in + dat. 'She swims IN the sea' (note difference from εἰς)

Answer 58

to, towards + acc. in the name of, from, under the protection of + gen

Answer 59

at least, at any rate

Answer 60

PREPOSITIONS are words like ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘below’, ‘towards’, ‘to’, followed by a noun, e.g. ‘in the house’, ‘to the beach’: - They can indicate place or movement; - They can express a relationship in terms of time (e.g. ‘after’); or - They can indicate something more abstract like cause (e.g. ‘because of’).

Answer 61

Three common ones: ἆρα which introduces a question when there is no interrogative word like ‘Who, What, Why?’ (e.g. ἆρα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὁρᾷς; lit. ‘[question] the men you see?’, ‘do you see the men?’) ἀλλά ‘but’ καί ‘and’, ‘even’, ‘actually’

Answer 62

Most of the other particles you will meet for now are ‘postpositive’, lit. ‘after- placed’, and usually come SECOND in the sentence or clause to which they belong, e.g. γάρ, γε, δέ, μέν, οὖν, τε.

Answer 63

These are words which have accents, but they give them to the previous word if possible.

Answer 64

γε τε με εἰμι

Answer 65

go away, depart

Answer 66

have, hold

Answer 67

throw, hurl

Answer 68

save, keep safe

Answer 69

safety, salvation

Answer 70

dear, friendly, one’s own

Answer 71

think; worry

Answer 72

1s εἰμί 2s εἶ 3s ἐστί 1p ἐσμέν 2p ἐστέ 3p εἰσί(ν)

Answer 73

1s οἶδα 2s οἶσθα 3s οἶδε 1p ἴσμεν 2p ἴστε 3p ἴσασι(ν)

Answer 74

1. Same case before and after: the verb 'to be' takes the same case as the subject and its complement, which usually means the nominative. 2. The complement does not usually have the definite article.

Answer 75

Quite often the verb ‘to be’ is omitted from a sentence (a feature called ‘ellipse’). So if you find a sentence without a verb, try some form of εἰμί, e.g. Μέμνων καλός ‘Memnon handsome.’

Answer 76

best; very good

Answer 77

know; think; resolve

Answer 78

clear; obvious

Answer 79

skilled, experienced

Answer 80

stupid; foolish

Answer 81

play; joke (at)

Answer 82

(+ acc.) about

Answer 83

many things (acc.)

Answer 84

general (2a)

Answer 85

lit. ‘the naval-things’, naval matters

Answer 86

lit. ‘the leader’s-things’, leadership, generalship

Answer 87

lit. ‘the soldier’s-things’, military matters

Answer 88

1. Neuter 'things' - The neuter plural form of an adjective is often used (with the neuter definite article) to mean things of that type, eg: τὰ πολλά: ‘many things’ τὰ ναυτικά lit. the naval-things, i.e. ‘naval matters’ 2. Neuter abstract nouns - the neuter singular (with definite article) can also be used as an abstract noun: τὸ καλόν: ‘the beautiful thing’, beauty 3. Masculine and feminine ‘people’ - use of the definite article with the adjective to refer to people: ἡ καλή, ‘the beautiful [f. s.] woman’ οἱ σοφοί, ‘the wise [m. pl.] men’

Answer 89

Both...and... τε comes after the first item it will link (even between the definite article and its noun) and και comes before the second: ὅ τε Δικαιόπολις καὶ ὁ ῥαψῳδός, ‘[The] both Dikaiopolis and the rhap- sode.’ ὁρᾷ τε ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐχ ὁρᾷ, ‘The man [both] sees and does not see.’

Section 1A-J Flashcards

(146 cards)