Section 2 Flashcards Preview

Question 1

1

The Greek Case System: functions of the nominative

Answer

Subject; predicate nominative; naming things

Question 2

2

The Greek Case System: functions of the accusative

Answer

Direct object; motion toward; length of space or time

Question 3

3

The Greek Case System: functions of the genitive

Answer

1. One noun limiting or depending on another

2. Separation from; motion away from or out of

Question 4

4

The Greek Case System: functions of the dative

Answer

1. Indirect object: ’to’ or 'for’

2. Instrumentality:’by' or 'with’. Usually does not require a preposition.

3. Place or time when: 'at' or 'in’. Usually requires a preposition such as ἐν. More broadly, absence of motion.

Question 5

5

The Greek Case System: functions of the vocative

Answer

1. Allows the noun to be addressed directly.

Question 6

6

The Greek Case System: cases and motion

Answer

(+ acc.) past, along

Answer

good, noble, courageous

Answer

win, defeat

Answer

in the end, finally

Answer

Story, tale (2a)

Answer

look (at), consider

Answer

(+acc) at, against, to attack

Answer

perplexity

Answer

happen, be made, be born

Answer

observe, watch

Answer

daring, courage

Answer

be afraid of, fear

Answer

The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the cause and the focus, the agent and experiencer, of the action expressed by the verb.

Answer

1s. ἔρχ-ομαι I go, I am going
2s. ἔρχ-ῃ (-ει) you go, you are going
3s. ἔρχ-εται he/she/it goes/is going
1p. ἐρχ-όμεθα we go, we are going
2p. ἔρχ-εσθε y’all go, y’all are going
3p. ἔρχ-ονται they go, they are going

Answer

s. ἔρχ-ου (s.), ‘go!’
p. ἔρχ-εσθε (pl.), ‘go!’

Answer

1s. α+ -ομαι → θε-ῶμαι ‘I watch’
2s. α+ -ῃ → θε-ᾷ ‘you watch’
3s. α+ -εται → θε-ᾶται ‘he/she/it watches’
1p. α+ -ομεθα → θε-ώμεθα ‘we watch’
2p. α+ -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε ‘you watch’
3p. α+ -ονται → θε-ῶνται ‘they watch’

Middle imperative:

α + -ου → θε-ῶ (s.), ‘watch!’
α + -εσθε → θε-ᾶσθε (pl.), ‘watch!’

Answer

1s. ε+ -ομαι → φοβ-οῦμαι I fear
2s. ε+ -ῃ → φοβ-ῇ you fear
3s. ε+ -εται → φοβ-εῖται he/she/it fears
1p. ε+ -ομεθα → φοβ-ούμεθα we fear
2p. ε+ -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε y’all fear
3p. ε+ -ονται → φοβ-οῦνται they fear

Middle imperative:

ε + -ου → φοβ-οῦ (s.), ‘fear!’
ε + -εσθε → φοβ-εῖσθε (pl.), ‘fear!’

Answer

1s. ο+ -ομαι → δουλ-οῦμαι I enslave
2s. ο+ -ῃ → δουλ-οῖ you enslave
3s. ο+ -εται → δουλ-οῦται he/she/it enslaves
1p. ο+ -ομεθα → δουλ-ούμεθα we enslave
2p. ο+ -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε y’all enslave
3p. ο+ -ονται → δουλ-οῦνται they enslave

Middle imperative:

ο + -ου → δουλ-οῦ (s.), ‘enslave!’
ο + -εσθε → δουλ-οῦσθε (pl.), ‘enslave!’

Answer

- 1A-C are all feminine. 1D are masculine.
- ALL types have the same endings in the plural (as per fem. def. art.)
- 1A: endings same as fem def art
- 1B: replace -η with -ᾱ in the s. due to the ρ, ε, ι rule.
- 1C: short α in the s. nom and acc, otherwise as per 1B
- 1D: Two subtypes: η- and -ᾱ in the nom, acc and dat s. endings.

- In the gen and dat of all numbers, an accented ultima takes the circumflex.

Answer

βοή, ἡ, ‘shout’ (1a)

TYPE 1a nouns have endings in s. and pl. exactly like the f. def. art.

Singular
Nom. βο-ή
Acc. βο-ήν
Gen. βο-ῆς
Dat. βο-ῇ

Plural
Nom. βο-αί
Acc. βο-ᾱς
Gen. βο-ῶν
Dat. βο-αῖς

Answer

TYPE 1b nouns replace the -η with -α (pronounced LONG) all the way through the singular. This is because their stem ends in ρ, ε, or ι.

ἀπορία, ἡ, ‘perplexity’ (1b)
s.
Nom. ἀπορί-ᾱ
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱν
Gen. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Dat. ἀπορί-ᾱͅ

pl.
Nom. ἀπορί-αι
Acc. ἀπορί-ᾱς
Gen. ἀπορι-ῶν
Dat. ἀπορί-αις

Answer

Type 1C nouns:

- Show -α in the ending of the nom. and acc. s. (pronounced SHORT);
- Switch to η in the gen. (-ης) and dat. s. (-ῃ: contrast TYPE 1b nouns);
- Usually have a stem ending in σ or a double consonant: but note τόλμ-α-ης
‘daring’ (1c).

θάλαττᾰ, ἡ, ‘sea’ (1c)

s.
Nom. θάλαττ-ᾰ
Acc. θάλαττ-ᾰν
Gen. θαλάττ-ης
Dat. θαλάττ-ῃ

pl.
Nom. θάλαττ-αι
Acc. θαλάττ-ᾱς
Gen. θαλαττ-ῶν
Dat. θαλάττ-αις

Answer

- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ης, e.g.

ναύτης, ὁ, ‘sailor’ (1d)

s.
Nom. ναύτη-ς
Acc. ναύτ-ην
Gen. ναύτ-ου
Dat. ναύτ-ῃ
Voc. ναυ̑τ-ᾰ

pl.
Nom. ναῦτ-αι
Acc. ναύτ-ᾱς
Gen. ναυτ-ῶν
Dat. ναύτ-αις

Answer

- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ας, e.g.

νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ, ‘young man’ (1d)

s.
Nom. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱν
Gen. νεᾱνί-ου
Dat. νεᾱνί-ᾳ
Voc. νεᾱνί-ᾱ

p.
Nom. νεᾱνί-αι
Acc. νεᾱνί-ᾱς
Gen. νεᾱνι-ῶν
Dat. νεᾱνί-αις

Answer

The sandwich construction is the normal order for referring to 'the X belonging to Y:

- τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πλοῖον ‘the of-the men ship’

- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα πράγματα, ‘the around Salamis events’

But all the following are also acceptable:

- τὸ πλοῖον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship of-the men’
- τὸ πλοῖον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ‘the ship the [one] of-the men’
- τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ πλοῖον ‘of-the men the ship’

Answer

The repeated article construction can be used to answer a question such as ‘whose ship do you see?’:

- τὸ πλοῖον ὁρῶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ‘It is the men’s ship I see.’ (lit. ‘The ship I see the [one] of the men.’)

Answer

In Greek the def. art. + prepositional phrase can be used as an equivalent of a noun:

- τὰ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα, ‘the [n. pl., i.e.] things/events around Salamis’
- οἱ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι, ‘the [m. pl., i.e.] men in Salamis/those in Salamis’
- αἱ ἐν τῷ Πειραιεῖ, ‘the [f. pl., i.e.] women in the Piraeus’

Answer

Athenian (2a)

Answer

be at a loss; have no resources

Answer

barbarian, foreigner (2a)

Answer

(+ acc) because of

Answer

go through, (metaphorically) to relate

Answer

freedom (1b)

Answer

go against, attack

Answer

with pleasure, happily

Answer

by now, now, already

Answer

be quiet, keep quiet

Answer

quiet, peace (1b)

Answer

goddess (1b)

Answer

watch, observe

Answer

most/very fine/beautiful/good

Answer

story, tale (2a)

Answer

naval battle (1b)

Answer

win, defeat

Answer

harmony, agreement (1b)

Answer

how great / how many

Answer

fall (as in die)

Answer

the enemy (2a)

Answer

hostile, enemy

Answer

whether... or....

Answer

advance, go/come towards

Answer

look at, watch (active)

look into, consider, examine (middle)

Answer

a, something

Answer

dare, be daring, undertake

Answer

fear, be afraid of

Answer

Active: describes what the subject does to the object

Middle: describes what the subject does for or to himself (often does not have an object)

Passive: describes what is done to the subject

Answer

sing of; sing

Answer

small, few

Answer

in this way

Answer

seek, seek for

Answer

some (of the men)… others…

Answer

"here and here"; back and forth / this way and that

Question 7

7

παρά

Question 8

8

ἀγαθός -ή -όν

Question 9

9

νικάω

Question 10

10

τέλος

Question 11

11

ἐμός ή όν

my; mine

Question 12

12

λόγος, ὁ

Question 13

13

σκοπέω

Question 14

14

ἀναχωρέω

retreat

Question 15

15

ἐπειδή

when

Question 16

16

ἐπί

Question 17

17

ταχέως

quickly

Question 18

18

ὥσπερ

like, as

Question 19

19

ἀπορί-ᾱ, ἡ

Question 20

20

βο-ή, ἡ

shout

Question 21

21

γίγν-ομαι

Question 22

22

δουλό-ομαι

enslave

Question 23

23

ἔρχ-ομαι

go, come

Question 24

24

θεᾱ-ομαι

Question 25

25

μάχ-ομαι

fight

Question 26

26

τόλμ-α, ἡ

Question 27

27

φοβέ-ομαι

Question 28

28

What is the middle voice used for?

Question 29

29

Uncontracted middle verb conjugation: ἕρχομαι

Question 30

30

Middle imperative (based on ἔρχομαι)

Question 31

31

Contracted middle verbs: θεά-ομαι ‘I watch’

Question 32

32

Contracted middle verbs: φοβέ-ομαι ‘I fear, am fearing’

Question 33

33

Contracted middle verbs: δουλοῦμαι, ‘I enslave (for myself)’

Question 34

34

First declension nouns: characteristics of types 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D

Question 35

35

Declension of noun type 1A: βοή, ἡ

Question 36

36

Declension of noun type 1B: ἀπορία, ή

Question 37

37

Declension of noun type 1C: θάλαττᾰ, ἡ

Question 38

38

Declension of noun type 1D: ναύτης, ὁ variant

Question 39

39

Declension of noun type 1D: νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ variant

Question 40

40

The sandwich construction:

The men's ship

The events around Salamis

Question 41

41

The repeated article construction:

Whose ship do you see?

Question 42

42

Article + preposition constructions

The events around Salamis

The men in Salamis

The women in the Piraeus

Question 43

43

Ἀθεναῖος, ὁ

Question 44

44

ἀναχωρέω

retreat

Question 45

45

ἀπορέ-ω

Question 46

46

αὖθις

again

Question 47

47

βάρβαρος, ὁ

Question 48

48

βέβαιος α (long) ον

secure

Question 49

49

βραδέως

slowly

Question 50

50

διά

Question 51

51

διέρχομαι (δειλθ-)

Question 52

52

ἐλευθερίᾱ, ἡ

Question 53

53

ἐλεύθερος α ον

free

Question 54

54

ἐλευθερόω

set free

Question 55

55

ἑμός

my, mine

Question 56

56

ἐπειδή

when

Question 57

57

ἐπέρχομαι (ἐπελθ-)

Question 58

58

ἔρχομαι (ἐλθ-)

go, come

Question 59

59

ἡδέως

Question 60

60

ἤδη

Question 61

61

ἡσυχάζω

Question 62

62

ἡσυχίᾱ, ἡ

Question 63

63

θεά (long α), ἡ

Question 64

64

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Section 2 Flashcards Preview

Reading Greek - JACT > Section 2 > Flashcards

The Greek Case System: functions of the nominative

Subject; predicate nominative; naming things

The Greek Case System: functions of the accusative

Direct object; motion toward; length of space or time

The Greek Case System: functions of the genitive

1. One noun limiting or depending on another 2. Separation from; motion away from or out of

The Greek Case System: functions of the dative

1. Indirect object: ’to’ or 'for’ 2. Instrumentality:’by' or 'with’. Usually does not require a preposition. 3. Place or time when: 'at' or 'in’. Usually requires a preposition such as ἐν. More broadly, absence of motion.

The Greek Case System: functions of the vocative

1. Allows the noun to be addressed directly.

The Greek Case System: cases and motion

παρά

(+ acc.) past, along

ἀγαθός -ή -όν

good, noble, courageous

νικάω

win, defeat

τέλος

in the end, finally

ἐμός ή όν

my; mine

λόγος, ὁ

Story, tale (2a)

σκοπέω

look (at), consider

ἀναχωρέω

retreat

ἐπειδή

when

ἐπί

(+acc) at, against, to attack

ταχέως

quickly

ὥσπερ

like, as

ἀπορί-ᾱ, ἡ

perplexity

βο-ή, ἡ

shout

γίγν-ομαι

happen, be made, be born

δουλό-ομαι

enslave

ἔρχ-ομαι

go, come

θεᾱ-ομαι

observe, watch

μάχ-ομαι

fight

τόλμ-α, ἡ

daring, courage

φοβέ-ομαι

be afraid of, fear

What is the middle voice used for?

The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the cause and the focus, the agent and experiencer, of the action expressed by the verb.

Uncontracted middle verb conjugation: ἕρχομαι

1s. ἔρχ-ομαι I go, I am going 2s. ἔρχ-ῃ (-ει) you go, you are going 3s. ἔρχ-εται he/she/it goes/is going 1p. ἐρχ-όμεθα we go, we are going 2p. ἔρχ-εσθε y’all go, y’all are going 3p. ἔρχ-ονται they go, they are going

Middle imperative (based on ἔρχομαι)

s. ἔρχ-ου (s.), ‘go!’ p. ἔρχ-εσθε (pl.), ‘go!’

Contracted middle verbs: θεά-ομαι ‘I watch’

Contracted middle verbs: φοβέ-ομαι ‘I fear, am fearing’

Contracted middle verbs: δουλοῦμαι, ‘I enslave (for myself)’

First declension nouns: characteristics of types 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D

Declension of noun type 1A: βοή, ἡ

βοή, ἡ, ‘shout’ (1a) TYPE 1a nouns have endings in s. and pl. exactly like the f. def. art. Singular Nom. βο-ή Acc. βο-ήν Gen. βο-ῆς Dat. βο-ῇ Plural Nom. βο-αί Acc. βο-ᾱς Gen. βο-ῶν Dat. βο-αῖς

Declension of noun type 1B: ἀπορία, ή

Declension of noun type 1C: θάλαττᾰ, ἡ

Declension of noun type 1D: ναύτης, ὁ variant

- Are all masculine - Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ης, e.g. ναύτης, ὁ, ‘sailor’ (1d) s. Nom. ναύτη-ς Acc. ναύτ-ην Gen. ναύτ-ου Dat. ναύτ-ῃ Voc. ναυ̑τ-ᾰ pl. Nom. ναῦτ-αι Acc. ναύτ-ᾱς Gen. ναυτ-ῶν Dat. ναύτ-αις

Declension of noun type 1D: νεᾱνίᾱς, ὁ variant

The sandwich construction: The men's ship The events around Salamis

The repeated article construction: Whose ship do you see?

The repeated article construction can be used to answer a question such as ‘whose ship do you see?’: - τὸ πλοῖον ὁρῶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ‘It is the men’s ship I see.’ (lit. ‘The ship I see the [one] of the men.’)

Article + preposition constructions The events around Salamis The men in Salamis The women in the Piraeus

Ἀθεναῖος, ὁ

Athenian (2a)

ἀναχωρέω

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1. One noun limiting or depending on another

2. Separation from; motion away from or out of

1. Indirect object: ’to’ or 'for’

2. Instrumentality:’by' or 'with’. Usually does not require a preposition.

3. Place or time when: 'at' or 'in’. Usually requires a preposition such as ἐν. More broadly, absence of motion.

1s. ἔρχ-ομαι I go, I am going
2s. ἔρχ-ῃ (-ει) you go, you are going
3s. ἔρχ-εται he/she/it goes/is going
1p. ἐρχ-όμεθα we go, we are going
2p. ἔρχ-εσθε y’all go, y’all are going
3p. ἔρχ-ονται they go, they are going

s. ἔρχ-ου (s.), ‘go!’
p. ἔρχ-εσθε (pl.), ‘go!’

βοή, ἡ, ‘shout’ (1a)

TYPE 1a nouns have endings in s. and pl. exactly like the f. def. art.

Singular
Nom. βο-ή
Acc. βο-ήν
Gen. βο-ῆς
Dat. βο-ῇ

Plural
Nom. βο-αί
Acc. βο-ᾱς
Gen. βο-ῶν
Dat. βο-αῖς

- Are all masculine
- Some 1d nouns end in nom. -ης, e.g.

ναύτης, ὁ, ‘sailor’ (1d)

s.
Nom. ναύτη-ς
Acc. ναύτ-ην
Gen. ναύτ-ου
Dat. ναύτ-ῃ
Voc. ναυ̑τ-ᾰ

pl.
Nom. ναῦτ-αι
Acc. ναύτ-ᾱς
Gen. ναυτ-ῶν
Dat. ναύτ-αις

The sandwich construction:

The men's ship

The events around Salamis

The repeated article construction:

Whose ship do you see?

The repeated article construction can be used to answer a question such as ‘whose ship do you see?’:

- τὸ πλοῖον ὁρῶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ‘It is the men’s ship I see.’ (lit. ‘The ship I see the [one] of the men.’)

Article + preposition constructions

The events around Salamis

The men in Salamis

The women in the Piraeus