Section 3

Question 1

All the organism groups

Answer 1

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Question 2

All the animal kingdom levels

Answer 2

1. Kingdom: The next level, within which animals are classified (e.g., Kingdom Animalia).
2. Phylum: A major division within a kingdom, grouping organisms with similar body structures and developmental features (e.g., Phylum Chordata).
3. Class: A grouping within a phylum, based on more specific characteristics (e.g., Class Mammalia).
4. Order: A further grouping within a class, often based on shared features like feeding habits or reproductive strategies (e.g., Order Primates).
5. Family: A grouping within an order, often based on shared features like physical characteristics or social behaviour (e.g., Family Hominidae).
6. Genus: A more specific grouping within a family, usually with a shared set of characteristics (e.g., Genus Homo).
7. Species: The most specific level, representing a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring (e.g., Species sapiens)

Question 3

Problems with classification

Answer 3

Defining species and determining relationships between organisms can be difficult due to the complex and ever-changing nature of life. Additionally, reliance on physical characteristics can lead to misinterpretations, and the need for continuous updates to reflect new discoveries presents ongoing challenges.

Question 4

Plant cells

Answer 4

Cell Wall. It is a rigid layer which is composed of polysaccharides cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose.
Cell membrane. It is the semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall.
Nucleus.
Plastids.
Central Vacuole.
Golgi Apparatus.
Ribosomes.
Mitochondria.

Question 5

Animal cells

Answer 5

Eukaryotic:
Animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Membrane:
They have a cell membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell.
Nucleus:
The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic material, DNA, which controls cell activities.
Organelles:
Organelles like mitochondria (energy production), endoplasmic reticulum (protein and lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (processing and packaging), and lysosomes (waste removal) are also present in animal cells.
No Cell Wall:
Unlike plant cells, animal cells lack a cell wall, providing structural support.
Specialized Cells:
Animal cells can be specialized, with different types of cells (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells) having different functions and structures

Question 6

Equation for photosynthesis

Answer 6

water + carbon dioxide —> Glucose + Oxygen

H2O + CO2 —-> C6H12O6 + O2

6H2O + 6CO2 —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 7

Dicot plant

Answer 7

Cotyledons, tetramerous or pentamerous flowers are all related to plant classification and floral structure. Dicots, characterized by two seed leaves (cotyledons), often have tetramerous (in multiples of four) or pentamerous (in multiples of five) flowers. Monocots, with one seed leaf, usually have trimerous flowers (in multiples of three

Question 8

Monocot plant

Answer 8

Monocots are plants that have single seed-bearing leave.

Question 9

Fungi vs Plants

Answer 9

Plants are primarily autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis using chlorophyll. Fungi, on the other hand, are heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their environment.

Question 10

Major Fungi uses

Answer 10

Fungi have diverse uses, including in food production, medicine, and various industries. They are also crucial for decomposition and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.