Section 4

Question 1

What is respiration

Answer 1

Respiration is a metabolic process where organisms break down glucose to release energy

Question 2

Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

Aerobic respiration is a process where cells use oxygen to break down food molecules, like glucose, to release energy in the form of ATP.

Question 3

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the release of a relatively small amount of energy from food

Question 4

Parts of the heart + their roles

Answer 4

The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

Question 5

EPO and what is does

Answer 5

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body

Question 6

Different essential nutrients

Answer 6

The six essential nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Question 7

Parts of the lung + their roles

Answer 7

1. Trachea:
   Role: Acts as the windpipe, carrying air from the nose and mouth to the lungs.
   Mechanism: The trachea’s cartilage rings help maintain its open structure and protect it from collapsing during breathing.
2. Bronchi:
   Role: The main airways that branch from the trachea and enter the lungs.
   Mechanism: Each bronchus further divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
3. Bronchioles:
   Role: Smaller airways within the lungs that carry air to the alveoli.
   Mechanism: Bronchioles continue to branch into even smaller passages, eventually reaching the alveolar sacs.
4. Alveoli:
   Role:
   The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs between the air and the blood.
   Mechanism:
   Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses across the thin alveolar walls into the capillaries, while carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.
5. Diaphragm:
   Role:
   A muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and plays a crucial role in breathing.
   Mechanism:
   When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and expands the chest cavity, drawing air into the lungs.

Question 8

Diffusion meaning

Answer 8

In biology, diffusion refers to the net movement of molecules or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 9

Gas exchange

Answer 9

Gas exchange is the process where oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, essentially swapping gases

Question 10

Diseases made by smoking

Answer 10

Smoking is linked to a wide range of diseases, including various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory illnesses like COPD. It can also affect other systems, increasing the risk of conditions like diabetes, erectile dysfunction, and problems with vision and cognitive function

Question 11

Chemicals in cigarettes + their roles

Answer 11

Cigarettes contain over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic and carcinogenic. These chemicals are formed during the burning of the tobacco plant and the additives used in its processing. Some of the most significant chemicals include nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar, and a variety of metals and gases