Section 4

Question 1

Public health milestones in the 20th century

Answer 1

Immunizations
Control of ID
Fluoridation of drinking water
Family planning
Maternal & child health interventions
Wastewater systems
Motor vehicle safety
Tobacco control
Preventing birth defects

Question 2

How many years to lifespans in the US has global health interventions added? to other countries?

Answer 2

30; 22

Question 3

What used to be the leading CODs in the US?

Answer 3

pneumonia, TB, diarrhea

Question 4

What are the leading CODs in the US?

Answer 4

heart disease, cancer, stroke

Question 5

Name a country where life expectancy has not changed

Answer 5

Afghanistan

Question 6

Name a country whose expectancy decreased

Answer 6

Uganda - HIV

Question 7

Millennium Developmental Goals

Answer 7

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
   
   2. Universal primary education
   3. Gender equality & empower women
   4. Reduce child mortality
   5. Improve mental health
   6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & more
   7. Ensure environmental sustainability
      Develop a global partnership for development

Question 8

What happened to the MDGs?

Answer 8

ended in 2015 and countries have adopted the Global Goals or Global Sustainable Goals; 17 of them all by 2030

Question 9

GG1: No poverty

Answer 9

eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

Question 10

GG2: no hunger

Answer 10

end hunger and ensure access by all people, end all forms of malnutrition

Question 11

GG3: good health

Answer 11

reduce global maternal mortality to less than 70%, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5, end AIDS, TB, malaria

Question 12

GG4: education

Answer 12

free quality primary & secondary education for all

Question 13

GG5: equality

Answer 13

end all forms of discrimination, and violence

Question 14

GG6: clean water

Answer 14

universal access to safe and affordable water, protect water systems

Question 15

GG7: renewable energy

Answer 15

universal access to affordable & reliable energy, increase renewable energy

Question 16

GG8: good jobs & economic growth

Answer 16

not sure

Question 17

GG9: innovation & infrastructure

Answer 17

resilient infrastructure, transborder infrastructure, upgrade

Question 18

GG10: reduce inequalities

Answer 18

income growth of bottom 40%, promote inclusion of all types

Question 19

GG11: sustainable cities & communities

Answer 19

access to safe and affordable housing, upgrade slums & transport

Question 20

GG12: responsible consumption

Answer 20

reduce food loss & retail waste

Question 21

GG13: climate action

Answer 21

integrate climate change measures, improve education & awareness

Question 22

GG14: life below water

Answer 22

reduce marine pollution, regulate fishing and harvesting

Question 23

GG15: life on land

Answer 23

end poaching and trafficking, increase financial resources for biodiversity & ecosystems

Question 24

GG16: peace & justice

Answer 24

reduce all forms of violence everywhere; similar to #5

Question 25

GG17: partnership

Answer 25

partnership for the goals

Question 26

Small island states issues

Answer 26

climate change effects, rising sea levels - most of their infrastructure is located on the coast; also coastal erosion, water quality, coral reef deterioration, loss of income, loss of agriculture

Question 27

WHO initiative for small island states

Answer 27

amplify their voices, gather evidence, promote policies, triple the financial support

Question 28

Examples of small island states

Answer 28

Maldives, Tonga, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Antigua

Question 29

surface water

Answer 29

streams, lakes, rivers, ponds; unprotected and susceptible to pollution

Question 30

ground water

Answer 30

shallow - from water infiltrating the soil & caught on bedrock; still susceptible deep: below bedrock and shielded = clean

Question 31

Aquifer

Answer 31

layer of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater

Question 32

Shallow wells:

Answer 32

hand dug and require a hand pump or bucket

Question 33

deep well

Answer 33

safe without treatment but difficult to replete and access

Question 34

rainwater

Answer 34

collected from roof - foul flush tank: clean and divert and store initial rainfall - filters: sand columns placed on top of storage to remove contamination

Question 35

Steps to maximize water quality

Answer 35

boil it, filter through a cloth, store in translucent containers for UV passage, use pit latrines to keep feces out

Question 36

primary water treatment

Answer 36

(physical): settle large particles out of water

Question 37

secondary water treatment

Answer 37

(biological): filters water through layer like sand

Question 38

tertiary water treatment

Answer 38

(chemical): treat with chlorine

Question 39

sanitation

Answer 39

treating waste water products & making them safe for the environment and public health; also includes industrial waste ex: tire disposal (mosquito breeding), chemical spills (fish poisoning)

Question 40

MDR TB in Uzekistan

Answer 40

aral sea formed by 2 rivers and was the 4th largest lake; Soviets needed water canals for cotton; evaporation quicker than expected and canals were inefficient = increased salinity destroying fish. Fertilizers & pesticides for cotton seeped into the dust (DDT). Vozrozhdeniya Island for bioweapons test (plague, anthrax). Aral shrinkage connected the island to the land - health effects: esophageal cancer, infant mortality, MDR TB, lung diseases

Question 41

MDR TB

Answer 41

multi drug resistant TB (isoniazid & rifampicin)

Question 42

MSF/doctors without borders

Answer 42

brought medical care, RDTs, food, treatment, etc.

Question 43

PRACTECAL Trial

Answer 43

phase 2/3 trial to treat MDR TB randomized control evaluated short treatment with bedaquiline (phase 2) and pretomanid (phase 3) in combo with existing TB drugs