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GCSE Geography Paper 2 > Section A - The Urban World > Flashcards

Section A - The Urban World Flashcards

1
Q

what is urbanisation

A

urbanisation is the proportion of the world’s population who live in cities. it is the result of natural increase (births - deaths) and migration

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2
Q

what is urban growth

A

urban growth is the increase of the area covered by cities

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3
Q

what has the world’s urban population increased by

A

the world’s urban population has increased by 40%

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4
Q

what have the more developed regions increased by

A

the more developed regions have increased by 31%

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5
Q

what have the less developed regions increased by

A

the less developed regions have increased by 50%

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6
Q

what have the least developed regions increased by

A

the least developed regions have increased by 48%

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7
Q

what percentage do most of the world’s richer countries have people living in the cities

A

most of the world’s richer countries have over 60% of people living in the cities

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8
Q

in which countries have around half of the population living in towns and cities

A

In south/south east Asia around 50% of the population live in towns and cities

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9
Q

which countries has urban population of around 20% or lower

A

Niger, Uganda, Burundi, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Malari have urban population of around 20% or lower. the continents average is 40%

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10
Q

the largest urban growth by 2050 will take place in which countries

A

the largest urban growth by 2050 will take place in India, China and Nigeria. these 3 countires will account for 37% of the world’s urban population projected growth

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11
Q

by 2050, what is India, China and Nigera expected to have added

A

by 2050, India is expected to have added at least 404 million more urban dwellers, China 292 million and Nigeria 212 million

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12
Q

what percentage did the world’s urban population rose over, in 2007

A

in 2007, the world’s urban population rose over 50%

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13
Q

what percentage of the world’s population now live in cities

A

over 50% of the world’s population now live in cities

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14
Q

what are the 2 main reasons cities are growing

A

rural-urban migration and natural increases

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15
Q

what is rural-urban migration

A

rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities

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16
Q

what is natural increase

A

natural increase is where the birth rate ishigher than the death rate

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17
Q

what are push factors

A

push factors push people to leave an area

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18
Q

what are pull factors

A

pull factors pull people to come to an area

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19
Q

what are megacities

A

megacities aee cities with over 100 million peole

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20
Q

how many megacities were there in 2015

A

in 2015, there were 28

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21
Q

how many megacities does the UN estimate there will be in 2050

A

in 2050, the UN estimates there will be 50

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22
Q

what are the 3 types of megacities

A

slow growing, growing and rapid

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23
Q

where are the slow growing megacities

A

South East Asia, Europe and North America

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24
Q

what are some features of slow growing megacities

A

they have an urban population of 70% and there are no squatter settlements

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25
Q

what are some examples of slow growing megacities

A

Moscow, LA, Tokyo, Osaka

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26
Q

where are the growing megacities

A

South East Asia and South America

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27
Q

what are some features of growing megacities

A

they have an urban population of 40-50% and under 20% squatter settlement

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28
Q

what are some examples of growing megacities

A

Beijing, Shanghai, Rio

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29
Q

where are the rapid megacities

A

South/South East Asia and Africa

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30
Q

what are some features of rapid megacities

A

they have an urban population of under 50% and over 20% squatter settlement

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31
Q

what are some examples of rapid megacities

A

Lagos, Jakarta, Mumbai

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32
Q

what are some facts about Rio de Janerio

A

Rio de Janerio is situated on Brazil’s Atlantic coast at 23° south and 43° west. the stature of christ is one of the seven new wonders of the worls. rio hosted matches during the 2014 world cup, ans hosted the 2016 olympic games. it is one of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere

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33
Q

what are the main manufacturing industries in rio de janerio

A

main manufacturing industries are chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods

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34
Q

what are the main service industries in rio de janerio

A

main service industrues are banking, finance and insurance

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35
Q

what was the population of Rio in the city, in 2014

A

in 2014, rio had a population of 6.5 million people in the city

36
Q

what was the population of Rio in the surrounding area, in 2014

A

in 2014, the population of people in the surrounding area was 12.5 million

37
Q

what is the second largest city in Brazil

A

Rio de Janerio is the second largest city in Brazil (the largest is São Paulo)

38
Q

where do migrants, who have come to rio, come from

A

migrants have come froom South Korea and China to seek new opportunities. the common language attracts migrants from Portugal, Brazil’s former colonial power. Rio’s industry attracts worker from the USA/U

39
Q

what are some features of the North zone

A

the city’s main industrial port area. the city’s international airport and Maracanã soccer stadium are here. an area of low quality housing and favelas. the location of the Tijuca national park

40
Q

what are some features of the West zone

A

the main olympic stadiums and competitor village for 2016 are located here. the industrial area of Campo Grande has low quality housing around the steelworks. Barra de Tijuca has changed from a lower class area into a wealthy coastal suburb with luxury apartments, shopping malls, recreational and tourist facilities

41
Q

what are some features of the South zone

A

developed after tunnels were cut through the mountains. Rio’s main tourist hotels and beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema. wealthy area dominated by luxury flats; it has the wealthiest district in the whole of South America. overlooked by Rochina, the largest favela in South America

42
Q

what are some features of Centro

A

the oldest part of the city with many historic cities. the city’s CBD and main shopping area. the financial centre with the headquaters of Petrobras and CVBB, Brazil’s largest oil and mining companies

43
Q

why is economic growth an opportunity in Rio

A

Rio’s large population, financial sector, port facilities and industrial areas have contributed to Rio’s rapid economic development. the city now provides more than 6% of all employment in Brazil. a gowing number of jobs are provided by service industries

44
Q

what are the types of employment in Brazil

A

retail and distribution. service industries (such as finance and banking). port industries (import and export). oil refining and petrochemical industries. manufacturing. tourism. steel. construction

45
Q

what are some challenges of unemployement

A

Brazil’s economy was hit by a recession in 2015, which increased unemployment. despite job opportunities, unemployement is a reason why there are such contrasts in wealth in the city. unemployement rates in favelas are over 20%. about 1/3 of 3.5 million workers don’t have a formal employement contract. work in the informal sector is poorly paid

46
Q

what is being done about unemployement in Rio

A

the local government is using education to try to reduce youth unemployement. the Schools of Tommorow programme aims to provide education for young people in the poor and violent areas of the city. courses are available for adults who have temporarily left education but want to continue studies. free child care is provided for teenage parents, to enable them to return to education

47
Q

what are some examples of regular crime in Rio

A

robbery, murder, kidnapping, carjacking and regular assalt

48
Q

what do drug gangs control, in Rio

A

drug gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas

49
Q

what have the police done, to control crime in Rio

A

in 2013, UPP’s were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers. police have taken control of crime dominated Complexo do Alemão and 30 smaller favelas

50
Q

what are the challenges of health care in Rio

A

in 2013, only 55% of the population had access to a local health clinic. life expectancy ranges from 45-80 across different districts. In Cidada de Deus only 60% of pregnant women recieve health care

51
Q

what are the solutions/opportunities of health care in Rio

A

In the santa Marta favela, doctors have provided more medical kits. doctors visit difficult to access favelas more often. populations are educated on local diseases and useful prevention strategies

52
Q

what are the challenges of education in Rio

A

education is compulsory until 14 where only half carry out with their education. many get involved in drug trafficking. enrolment is low, because of limited schools, low government investment and poor teacher rights

53
Q

what are the solutions/opportunities of education in Rio

A

local volunteers are activeley encouraged. grants given to poor families for keeping their kids in school. money spent on free extra curricular activities and universities in favelas

54
Q

what are the challenges of water supply in Rio

A

around 12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water. it is estimated that 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access. the situation has become worse in recent years

55
Q

what are the solutions/opportunities of water supply in Rio

A

most of the work has been on improving the quantity or quality of the water in the favelas and in the olympic park. 7 new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014, and over 300km of pipes were laid. by 2014, 95% of the population had a mains water supply

56
Q

what are the challenges of energy in Rio

A

the whole city suffers frequent blackouts due to a shortage of electricity. the growing population and the demands of the forthcoming olympics will make the situation worse. many people living in the poorer parts of the Rio de Janerio get their electricity by illegally tapping into the main supply, which is unsafe and risky

57
Q

what are the social challenges in Rio

A

health care, education, water supply and energy

58
Q

what are the economic opportunities and challenges in Rio

A

economic growth, employement, unemployement, crime

59
Q

what are the solutions/opportunties of energy in Rio

A

the electricity supply to Rio has been improved by installing 60km of new power lines, building a nuclear generator and developing the new Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio’s supply of electricity by up to 30%

60
Q

what are some environmental challenges in Rio

A

huge areas of sprawling squatter settlements (around 40% of Rio’s population live in favelas). extensive sprawl along beautiful coastal areas such as Barra de Tijuca. algal blooms and eutrophication in the Lagoa Rodrigo Channel. dereliction due to de - industrilisation of industries such as steel. heavy pollution in the bay due to increasing urbanisation and industrilisation. social inequality has led to high crime levels in some areas

61
Q

what are the challenges of traffic congestion in Rio

A

Rio is the most congested city in South America. trafic congestion increase stress and pollution levels and wastes time for commuters and buisnesses. main traffic routes become very congested. the number of cars in Rio has grown by over 40% in the last decade

62
Q

what are the solutions to traffic congestion in Rio

A

expansion of the Metro system under Guanabara Bay, to south zone and Barra de Tijuca. new toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion. making coast roads one way during rush hours, to improve traffic flow

63
Q

what are the challenges of water pollution in Rio

A

Guanabara bay is highly polluted, causing a major threat to wildlife. commercial fishing has declined by over 90% in the last 20 years. there is a danger that pollution could affect Ipamena and Copacabana beaches which could damage tourism and the local authority. the rivers are polluted and over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each day

64
Q

what are the solutions to water pollution in Rio

A

overseas aid has been used to reduce the amount of sewage being released into the bay. 12 new sewage works have been built since 2004 at 68 million US$. ships are fined for discharging fuel into the bay illegally. 5km of new sewage pipes have been made

65
Q

what are the challenges of waste pollution in Rio

A

the worst waste problems are in the favelas. many are built on steep slopes and have few proper roads, making access difficult for waste collection lorries. more waste is therefore dumped and pollutes the water system. this causes diseases like chlorea and encourages rats

66
Q

what are the solutions to waste pollution in Rio

A

a power plant has been set up near the university of Rio, using methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbiish. it consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces electricity for 100 homes

67
Q

where are favelas located in Brazil

A

favelas are clustered around the coast of Rio. they are centered around main cities. they are found on steep hills and mountains which are prone to landslides

68
Q

what is Rochina

A

Rochina is the largest favela in Rio

69
Q

what was the population of Rochina in 2010

A

in 2010, the population was around 70 thousand

70
Q

what are some social characteristics of Rochina

A

areas linked to organised crime and violence. estimated 1/2 million homeless street dwellers. many well-off people moving out of city to place like Barra da Tijuca which they see as safer. Rochina suffers from tuberculosis. Rochina has a dense population and a lack of sanitation

71
Q

what are some environmental characteristics of Rochina

A

rain causes flash floods and mudslides which destroyed houses. traffic fumes cause high levels of pollution. most Favelas in Rio built on hillidsides

72
Q

what are some economic characteristics of Rochina

A

high unemployement. limited tax paid to government. small scale economy in favela. development of industry

73
Q

what are some different plans and approaches that have been used to improve conditions in favelas

A

developing cultural activites for young people e.g. Samba to prevent them being involved in crime. raising taxed on the rich to help paying for housing the poor. rehousing people from favelas in basic housing. forced eviction from favelas to clear land for development. increasing and developing rural areas to encourage people to stay in the countryside. moving people to less populated areas to reduce overcrowding

74
Q

what is the Favela Bairro Project

A

the Favela Bairro Project is a scheme designed to improve favela life. the local authority provides land and services for residents to build homes.

75
Q

what improvements have 60,000 people in favelas across the north zone seen

A

paved and formally named roads. building of new health, leisure and education facilities. instillation of cable car system across the hillsieds with 1 free return per day. 100% mortages so people can buy and own property. hillsides secured to prevent landslides. access to water supply and drainage system for improved sanitation. access to credit so residents can by materials for their homes

76
Q

what problems are there from the Favela Bairro Project

A

the budget of US$1 billion may not cover every favela. the newly built infrastructure is not being maintained. residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs. more training is needed to improve literacy and employement. rents rise in the improved favelas

77
Q

what are the 2 reasons why favelas are growing

A

migration and young (working age)

78
Q

where are the highest levesl of natural increase

A

the highest levels of natural increase are in favelas

79
Q

why is construction a challenge of squatter of settlement

A

there is limited road access due to the steepness of slopes. houses are poorly constructed, as they were built illegally with basic materials, such as iron

80
Q

why are services a challenge of squatter settlements

A

in the non improved favelas, around 12% of homes don’t have running water, over 30% have no electricity and around 50% have no sewage connections. many homes use illegal connections to electricity pylons

81
Q

why is unemployment a challenge of squatter settlements

A

unemployement rates are as high as 20%. average incomes may be less than £75 a month. much employement is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector

82
Q

why is crime a challenge of squatter settlements

A

there is high murder rate of 20 per 1000 people in many favelas. drug gangs dominate many favelas

83
Q

why is health a challenge of squatter settlements

A

there are population densities of 37000 per km^2. infant mortality rates are as high as 50 per 100

84
Q

what happened in the 1980s for favelas

A

until 1980, the authorities in Rio didn’t acknowledge the existance of favelas - they weren’t shown on maps. in the mid 1980s, city planner felt something needed to be done for the city’s poorest citizens. rather than destroy the favelas and sqeeze their large populations into public housing, the city decided to upgrade them and provide essential services

85
Q

since Rio was awarded the 2016 olympic games, what happened to the favelas

A

since Rio was awarded the 2016 olympic games, there has been a move to destroy favelas, especially in areas where olympic facilities are being built

86
Q

what happened to the favelas, in the build up to the olympics

A

some favelas were demolished to make way for arena construction. 1000 people lost their homes for a new road. plans were in place to destroy a further 3000 homes in other favelas. a number of these facilities were relocated to new improced housing in Campo Grande. this new settlement 90 mins drive from the city centre

GCSE Geography Paper 2 (8 decks)

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