Selenium toxicosis Flashcards Preview

Question 1

1

T/F: Overdosing selenium deficiency treatment can lead to selenium toxicosis

TRUE

Answer

White muscle disease (WMD) or nutritional muscle dystrophy (NMD) in lambs, but also seen in calves and foals
Hepatosis dietetica in young pigs
Exudative diathesis in chicks
Nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens
Porcine stress syndrome in pigs

Answer

Northwest
Northeast
Southeast
Great lakes

Answer

2-10 ppm
South Dakota
North Dakota
Wyoming
Montana
Nebraska
Kansas
Utah
Colorado
New Mexico

Answer

0.1 mg/kg (depends on vitamin E)

Remember: 0.1mg/kg = 0.1ppm

Answer

Feed supplements for cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry
Injectable selenium-vitamin E preparations
Antioxidant supplements (animal and human)
Used in medical shampoos for treatment of dermatitis

Answer

Cattle, sheep, and horses may graze seleniferous plants
Swine and poultry may eat grains grown on selenium-rich soil

Answer

Plants that accumulate Se in Se-rich soil

Obligate accumulators (Se-indicator plants), facultative accumulators, and passive accumulators

Answer

Up to 15,000 ppm Se

Answer

Astragalus (locoweed, milk vetch)
Stanleya (prince's plume)
Oonopsis (golden wood)
Xylorrhiza (woody aster)

Answer

Accumulate up to 25-100 ppm

Answer

Nope, but they can accumulate it

Answer

Aster
Atriplex (saltbush)
Castilleja (paint brush)

Answer

Accumulate up to 1-25 ppm Se

Answer

Accumulate Se passively in Se-rich soil

Answer

Many plants including crop plants such as corn, wheat, oats, barley, grass, hay, and other plants

Answer

Overdosage w/ Se preparations or supplements
Se-contaminate water causes teratogenic effects in waterfowl
Improper use of Se-medicated shampoos may cause toxicosis in small animals

Answer

Astragalus (locoweed)

Answer

Astragalus (milkvetch)

Answer

Stanleya pinnata (prince's plume)

Answer

FALSE--it is an essential trace element

Answer

3 oxidation states: selenate (+6), selenite (+4), and selenide (+2)

Answer

Sulfur and arsenic

Answer

FALSE--Se combines with the -SH group of glutathione

Answer

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)

Answer

By prevention of peroxide accumulation through reduction of glutathione

Answer

Cellular degeneration and cell membrane damage in animals and poultry

Answer

Mucous membranes (like other metals)

Answer

Organic Se in plants > selenate = selenite > selenide > synthetic organoselenium compounds

Answer

3.3 mg/kg in the horse
10 mg/kg in cattle
17 mg/kg in swine

Answer

20-50 ppm for 3 days or more

Answer

5-10 ppm for several weeks or months in horses, cattle, and swine

Answer

Arid alkaline soil of the Great Plains

Answer

High protein diet and ingestion of other elements that bind Se such as Cu

Answer

FALSE--Seleniferous plants have a bad odor and are unpalatable (only eaten when other forage is unavailable)

Answer

Small intestine

Answer

The soluble organic Se in plants is more rapidly absorbed than selenite, selenate, and selenide

Answer

Nope--it's not soluble in water

Answer

Distributed throughout the body particularly to the liver, kidney, and spleen

Answer

Hair and hoof

Answer

FALSE--it crosses the placenta and is excreted in milk

Answer

Se is mainly excreted in urine, but also in bile

Arsenic increases biliary excretion

Answer

Tissue glutathione (GSH)

Answer

Replaces sulfur in amino acids causing abnormal proteins

Answer

Decreases ATP in chronic toxicosis

Decreased tissue absorbic acid

Answer

Respiratory insufficiency resulting from pulmonary edema and hemorrhage

Answer

Starvation and thirst resulting from weakness, lameness, blindness

Answer

Onset in a few hours to a few days
GI signs such as colic, bloat, and dark watery diarrhea
Resp signs such as labored resp w/ fluid sounds in the lungs, bloody froth from the nares, and cyanosis
Other signs include fever, polyuria, mydriasis, and uncertain gait
Death in hours

Answer

Neuro signs including mydriasis and incoordination

Answer

"Blind staggers"

Answer

Poor appetite
Aimless wandering
Circling
Walking through objects
Normal respiration and temperature

Answer

Stage 1 signs +:
Depression
Incoordination
Foreleg weakness and walking on the knees
Complete anorexia

Answer

Colic
Hypothermia
Emaciation
Clouded corneas near blindness
Paresis
Coma
Death in a few hours

Answer

Signs are similar to cattle but the stages are not well defined

Answer

A neuroparalytic condition called "porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia"
Neuro signs include coordination, lameness, and paralysis
Other signs including alopecia, hoof abnormalities and separation of the hoof

Answer

Rough hair coat, loss of hair from mane and tail
Hoof deformities and sloughing, stiffness of joints, and lameness
Partial blindness, anemia, lethargy, emaciation, infertility, and birth defects

Answer

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Congestion of organs
Hemorrhages
Pulmonary edema
Hydrothorax
Gut contents may smell like rotten garlic or rotten horseradish (hydrogen selenide)

Answer

Focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia

Answer

Abnormal hooves
Cardiac damage
Hepatic necrosis

Answer

Elevated Se (> 2ppm in acute and >5ppm in chronic)
- Acute: blood, kidney, liver
- Chronic: hair and hoof (must be washed before analysis)
Blood or plasma glutathione peroxidase activity correlates well w/ blood Se concentration in cattle, sheep, and swine (but NOT in horses)

Answer

Pneumonia
Infectious hepatitis
Enterotoxemia
Pasteurellosis

Answer

Molybdenum toxicosis
Flouride toxicosis
Freezing
Ergotism
Laminitis

Answer

Saline cathartics
Symptomatic therapy (oxygen, treatment for pulmonary edema, circulatory shock, and gastroenteritis)
Acetylcysteine (140mg/kg IV, followed by 70mg/kg daily in 4 divided doses)

Answer

Soil and forage should be tested regularly for Se levels
Remove the animals from seleniferous areas
Addition of Cu to the diet, high protein diet, increasing Su-containing proteins may reduce toxicosis
Addition of organic arsenicals to the diet increases biliary excretion of Se

Answer

Poor--animals die quickly

Question 2

2

What levels are considered selenium deficient?

<0.05 ppm

Question 3

3

Selenium deficiency diseases?

Question 4

4

Where is selenium deficient soil common?

Question 5

5

What level of selenium qualifies soil as selenium-rich? Where is it located?

Question 6

6

What are the selenium requirements?

Question 7

7

What are the various uses for selenium?

Question 8

8

Sources of selenium?

Question 9

9

What are seleniferous plants? What are the various types?

Question 10

10

How much Se can obligate accumulators accumulate?

Question 11

11

T/F: Obligate Se accumulators require Se for growth

TRUE

Question 12

12

What plants are obligate accumulators of Se?

Question 13

13

How much Se can facultative accumulators collect?

Question 14

14

Do facultative accumulators require Se?

Question 15

15

Examples of facultative accumulators?

Question 16

16

Passive accumulators: Se levels?

Question 17

17

Where do passive accumulators build up Se?

Question 18

18

Examples of passive Se accumulators?

Question 19

19

Causes of Se toxicosis?

Question 20

20

What is this?

Question 21

21

What is this?

Question 22

22

What is this?

Question 23

23

T/F: Se is a non-essential trace element

Question 24

24

What 3 states does Se have?

Question 25

25

What elements are Se's physical and chemical properties similar to?

Question 26

26

T/F: Se combines with the -NH₃ group of glutathione

Question 27

27

What is Se a component of?

Question 28

28

How does selenium act as an antioxidant?

Question 29

29

What is synergistic to GSH-Px?

Vitamin E

Question 30

30

What does Se-vitamin E prevent?

Question 31

31

T/F: Se is also found in 5-deiodinase (conversion of T₄ to T₃)

TRUE

Question 32

32

What is Se an irritant to?

Question 33

33

What is the toxicity of the various Se forms (greatest to least)?

Question 34

34

What are the acute toxic doses of oral selenium (selenite)?

Question 35

35

What is the oral Se subacute toxic level for swine?

Question 36

36

What is the chronic toxic level of selenium?

Question 37

37

Which soil promotes formation of selenate?

Question 38

38

T/F: Elemental Se is relatively nontoxic

TRUE

Question 39

39

What is toxicity reduced by?

Question 40

40

T/F: Seleniferous plants are odorless and palatable

Question 41

41

Where is Se readily absorbed from?

Question 42

42

Which Se state is more readily absorbed?

Question 43

43

Is elemental Se absorbed?

Question 44

44

Where is Se distributed in the body?

Question 45

45

Chronic exposure of Se leads to high concentrations where in the body?

Question 46

46

T/F: Se crosses the placenta (teratogenic) but is not excreted in milk

Question 47

47

Where is Se excreted? What increases its excretion?

Question 48

48

T/F: Se causes irritation of GI mucosa (subacute and acute)

TRUE

Question 49

49

Se toxicosis causes dramatic depletion of what?

Question 50

50

What does Se replace following Se toxicosis?

Question 51

51

What does Se toxicosis decrease?

Question 52

52

What is death in acute and subacute Se toxicosis mainly due to?

Question 53

53

What might death in chronic Se toxicosis be due to?

Question 54

54

Clinical signs of acute oral Se toxicosis?

Question 55

55

Clinical signs of acute parenteral Se toxicosis?

Question 56

56

What do ranchers call subacute Se toxicosis in cattle?

Question 57

57

Clinical signs during stage 1 of subacute Se toxicosis in cattle?

Question 58

58

Clinical signs during stage 2 of subacute Se toxicosis in cattle?

Question 59

59

Clinical signs during stage 3 of subacute Se toxicosis in cattle?

Question 60

60

Clinical signs of subacute Se toxicosis in sheep?

Question 61

61

Clinical signs of subacute Se toxicosis in swine?

Question 62

62

Clinical signs of chronic toxicosis (alkali disease)?

Question 63

63

What are the lesions of acute Se toxicosis?

Question 64

64

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

See full index

Selenium toxicosis Flashcards Preview

Toxicology > Selenium toxicosis > Flashcards

T/F: Overdosing selenium deficiency treatment can lead to selenium toxicosis

TRUE

What levels are considered selenium deficient?

<0.05 ppm

Selenium deficiency diseases?

White muscle disease (WMD) or nutritional muscle dystrophy (NMD) in lambs, but also seen in calves and foals Hepatosis dietetica in young pigs Exudative diathesis in chicks Nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens Porcine stress syndrome in pigs

Where is selenium deficient soil common?

Northwest Northeast Southeast Great lakes

What level of selenium qualifies soil as selenium-rich? Where is it located?

2-10 ppm South Dakota North Dakota Wyoming Montana Nebraska Kansas Utah Colorado New Mexico

What are the selenium requirements?

0.1 mg/kg (depends on vitamin E) Remember: 0.1mg/kg = 0.1ppm

What are the various uses for selenium?

Feed supplements for cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry Injectable selenium-vitamin E preparations Antioxidant supplements (animal and human) Used in medical shampoos for treatment of dermatitis

Sources of selenium?

Cattle, sheep, and horses may graze seleniferous plants Swine and poultry may eat grains grown on selenium-rich soil

What are seleniferous plants? What are the various types?

Plants that accumulate Se in Se-rich soil Obligate accumulators (Se-indicator plants), facultative accumulators, and passive accumulators

How much Se can obligate accumulators accumulate?

Up to 15,000 ppm Se

T/F: Obligate Se accumulators require Se for growth

TRUE

What plants are obligate accumulators of Se?

Astragalus (locoweed, milk vetch) Stanleya (prince's plume) Oonopsis (golden wood) Xylorrhiza (woody aster)

How much Se can facultative accumulators collect?

Accumulate up to 25-100 ppm

Do facultative accumulators require Se?

Nope, but they can accumulate it

Examples of facultative accumulators?

Aster Atriplex (saltbush) Castilleja (paint brush)

Passive accumulators: Se levels?

Accumulate up to 1-25 ppm Se

Where do passive accumulators build up Se?

Accumulate Se passively in Se-rich soil

Examples of passive Se accumulators?

Many plants including crop plants such as corn, wheat, oats, barley, grass, hay, and other plants

Causes of Se toxicosis?

Overdosage w/ Se preparations or supplements Se-contaminate water causes teratogenic effects in waterfowl Improper use of Se-medicated shampoos may cause toxicosis in small animals

What is this?

Astragalus (locoweed)

What is this?

Astragalus (milkvetch)

What is this?

Stanleya pinnata (prince's plume)

T/F: Se is a non-essential trace element

FALSE--it is an essential trace element

What 3 states does Se have?

3 oxidation states: selenate (+6), selenite (+4), and selenide (+2)

What elements are Se's physical and chemical properties similar to?

Sulfur and arsenic

T/F: Se combines with the -NH3 group of glutathione

FALSE--Se combines with the -SH group of glutathione

What is Se a component of?

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)

How does selenium act as an antioxidant?

By prevention of peroxide accumulation through reduction of glutathione

What is synergistic to GSH-Px?

Vitamin E

What does Se-vitamin E prevent?

Cellular degeneration and cell membrane damage in animals and poultry

T/F: Se is also found in 5-deiodinase (conversion of T4 to T3)

TRUE

What is Se an irritant to?

Mucous membranes (like other metals)

What is the toxicity of the various Se forms (greatest to least)?

Organic Se in plants > selenate = selenite > selenide > synthetic organoselenium compounds

What are the acute toxic doses of oral selenium (selenite)?

3.3 mg/kg in the horse 10 mg/kg in cattle 17 mg/kg in swine

What is the oral Se subacute toxic level for swine?

20-50 ppm for 3 days or more

What is the chronic toxic level of selenium?

5-10 ppm for several weeks or months in horses, cattle, and swine

Which soil promotes formation of selenate?

Arid alkaline soil of the Great Plains

T/F: Elemental Se is relatively nontoxic

TRUE

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM

White muscle disease (WMD) or nutritional muscle dystrophy (NMD) in lambs, but also seen in calves and foals

Hepatosis dietetica in young pigs

Exudative diathesis in chicks

Nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens

Porcine stress syndrome in pigs

Northwest

Northeast

Southeast

Great lakes

2-10 ppm

South Dakota

North Dakota

Wyoming

Montana

Nebraska

Kansas

Utah

Colorado

New Mexico

0.1 mg/kg (depends on vitamin E)

Remember: 0.1mg/kg = 0.1ppm

Feed supplements for cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry

Injectable selenium-vitamin E preparations

Antioxidant supplements (animal and human)

Used in medical shampoos for treatment of dermatitis

Cattle, sheep, and horses may graze seleniferous plants

Swine and poultry may eat grains grown on selenium-rich soil

Plants that accumulate Se in Se-rich soil

Obligate accumulators (Se-indicator plants), facultative accumulators, and passive accumulators

Astragalus (locoweed, milk vetch)

Stanleya (prince's plume)

Oonopsis (golden wood)

Xylorrhiza (woody aster)

Aster

Atriplex (saltbush)

Castilleja (paint brush)

Overdosage w/ Se preparations or supplements

Se-contaminate water causes teratogenic effects in waterfowl

Improper use of Se-medicated shampoos may cause toxicosis in small animals

T/F: Se combines with the -NH₃ group of glutathione

T/F: Se is also found in 5-deiodinase (conversion of T₄ to T₃)

3.3 mg/kg in the horse

10 mg/kg in cattle

17 mg/kg in swine

Se is mainly excreted in urine, but also in bile

Arsenic increases biliary excretion

Decreases ATP in chronic toxicosis

Decreased tissue absorbic acid

Onset in a few hours to a few days

GI signs such as colic, bloat, and dark watery diarrhea

Resp signs such as labored resp w/ fluid sounds in the lungs, bloody froth from the nares, and cyanosis

Other signs include fever, polyuria, mydriasis, and uncertain gait

Death in hours

Poor appetite

Aimless wandering

Circling

Walking through objects

Normal respiration and temperature

Stage 1 signs +:

Depression

Incoordination

Foreleg weakness and walking on the knees

Complete anorexia

Colic

Hypothermia

Emaciation

Clouded corneas near blindness

Paresis

Coma

Death in a few hours

A neuroparalytic condition called "porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia"

Neuro signs include coordination, lameness, and paralysis

Other signs including alopecia, hoof abnormalities and separation of the hoof

Rough hair coat, loss of hair from mane and tail

Hoof deformities and sloughing, stiffness of joints, and lameness

Partial blindness, anemia, lethargy, emaciation, infertility, and birth defects

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Congestion of organs

Hemorrhages

Pulmonary edema

Hydrothorax

Gut contents may smell like rotten garlic or rotten horseradish (hydrogen selenide)

Abnormal hooves

Cardiac damage

Hepatic necrosis

Elevated Se (> 2ppm in acute and >5ppm in chronic)

Acute: blood, kidney, liver

Chronic: hair and hoof (must be washed before analysis)

Blood or plasma glutathione peroxidase activity correlates well w/ blood Se concentration in cattle, sheep, and swine (but NOT in horses)

Pneumonia

Infectious hepatitis

Enterotoxemia

Pasteurellosis

Molybdenum toxicosis

Flouride toxicosis

Freezing

Ergotism

Laminitis

Saline cathartics

Symptomatic therapy (oxygen, treatment for pulmonary edema, circulatory shock, and gastroenteritis)

Acetylcysteine (140mg/kg IV, followed by 70mg/kg daily in 4 divided doses)

Soil and forage should be tested regularly for Se levels

Remove the animals from seleniferous areas

Addition of Cu to the diet, high protein diet, increasing Su-containing proteins may reduce toxicosis

Addition of organic arsenicals to the diet increases biliary excretion of Se