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English 211-01 > Semantics > Flashcards

Semantics Flashcards

1
Q

Semantics

A

The study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences (the meaning is analyzed)

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2
Q

pragmatics

A

the way speakers use language to express themselves (the meaning variation in context)

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3
Q

metonymy

A

a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something

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4
Q

synecdoche

A

a figure of speech by which a more inclusive term is used for a less inclusive one and vice versa

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5
Q

lexeme

A

a word walk, walked, walking are all different forms of the same lexeme

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6
Q

paradigmatic

A

the way words can substitute for each other in the same sentence context

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7
Q

synonymy

A

sameness of meaning (pavement/sidewalk)

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8
Q

hyponymy

A

inclusion of meaning (cat/animal)

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9
Q

antonymy

A

oppositeness of meaning (big/small)

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10
Q

Incompatibility

A

mutual exclusiveness within the same subordinate category (red/green)

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11
Q

reference (extension) of a concept

A

what is corresponds to

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12
Q

sense (intension) of a concept

A

what we know about its meaning

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13
Q

signified word

A

the object in the world that the word stands for

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14
Q

signifier word

A

the word in the language

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15
Q

referent

A

the thing referred to (noun or pronoun

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16
Q

speaker reference

A

what a speaker is referring to, varies according to speaker and context (pragmatics)

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17
Q

linguistic reference

A

systematic denotation of same linguistic expression as part of a language.

18
Q

extension

A

the set of all potential referents for a referring expression (past, present, future) ie: bird

19
Q

prototype

A

a typical member of the extension of a referring expression (robin or blue bird NOT ostrich)

20
Q

stereotype

A

list of characteristics describing a prototype (ie: birds have 2 wings, 2 legs, wings, feathers, etc)

21
Q

Coreference

A

two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real world entity (Jay Leno/host of tonight show)

22
Q

Anaphora

A

expression that refers to another linguistic expression (himself/whoever)

23
Q

Deixis (DIKE-sis)

A

expression that had one meaning but can refer to different entities depening on the speaker and his or her spatial and temporal orientation (ie two people having a conversation referencing left and right, you, i, etc)

24
Q

Semantic Meaning

A

the context in which sentence is said, meaning of the words in the sentence, morphological and syntactic structure, depends on the lexicon of English.

25
Q

Principle of Compositionality

A

the semantic meaning of any unit of language is determined by the semantic meaning of its parts along with the way they are put together.

26
Q

Compositional Semantics

A

formal semantics concerned with how principle of compositionality is applied- study the veriety of grammatical patterns which occur in languages across the world.

27
Q

Denotative Meaning

A

the logical meaning- indicates the essential qualitites of a concept that distinguished it from other concepts.

28
Q

connotative meaning

A

additional or associated meaning whichi is attached to the denotative conceptual meaning.

29
Q

social meaning

A

meaning the word possesses by virtue of its use in particula social situations and circumstances

30
Q

thematic meaning

A

the manner in which a message is organized for emphasis

31
Q

The Theory of Naming

A

Language is a communication system which works with two elements: signifiers and signified

32
Q

The Conceptual Theory of Meaning

A

words and things are related through the mediation of concepts of the mind

33
Q

The Behavioristic Theory of Meaning

A

Meaning in terms of context a langjage is used.

34
Q

Agent

A

the entity that performs the action

35
Q

theme

A

the entitey that is involved in or affected by the action

36
Q

Instrument

A

if an agent uses another entity in performing an action, that other entity takes the role of instrument

37
Q

Benefactive

A

the noun or noun phrase that refers to the person or animal who benefits from the action of the verb

38
Q

Analytic Sentence

A

one that is necessarily true simply by virtue of the words in the sentence (a bachelor is an unmarried man)

39
Q

Contradictory sentence

A

a sentence that is false simply by virtue of the words in it

40
Q

synthetic sentence

A

true or false depending on how the world is

English 211-01 (7 decks)

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