Semantics

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

The study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences (the meaning is analyzed)

Question 2

pragmatics

Answer 2

the way speakers use language to express themselves (the meaning variation in context)

Question 3

metonymy

Answer 3

a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something

Question 4

synecdoche

Answer 4

a figure of speech by which a more inclusive term is used for a less inclusive one and vice versa

Question 5

lexeme

Answer 5

a word walk, walked, walking are all different forms of the same lexeme

Question 6

paradigmatic

Answer 6

the way words can substitute for each other in the same sentence context

Question 7

synonymy

Answer 7

sameness of meaning (pavement/sidewalk)

Question 8

hyponymy

Answer 8

inclusion of meaning (cat/animal)

Question 9

antonymy

Answer 9

oppositeness of meaning (big/small)

Question 10

Incompatibility

Answer 10

mutual exclusiveness within the same subordinate category (red/green)

Question 11

reference (extension) of a concept

Answer 11

what is corresponds to

Question 12

sense (intension) of a concept

Answer 12

what we know about its meaning

Question 13

signified word

Answer 13

the object in the world that the word stands for

Question 14

signifier word

Answer 14

the word in the language

Question 15

referent

Answer 15

the thing referred to (noun or pronoun

Question 16

speaker reference

Answer 16

what a speaker is referring to, varies according to speaker and context (pragmatics)

Question 17

linguistic reference

Answer 17

systematic denotation of same linguistic expression as part of a language.

Question 18

extension

Answer 18

the set of all potential referents for a referring expression (past, present, future) ie: bird

Question 19

prototype

Answer 19

a typical member of the extension of a referring expression (robin or blue bird NOT ostrich)

Question 20

stereotype

Answer 20

list of characteristics describing a prototype (ie: birds have 2 wings, 2 legs, wings, feathers, etc)

Question 21

Coreference

Answer 21

two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real world entity (Jay Leno/host of tonight show)

Question 22

Anaphora

Answer 22

expression that refers to another linguistic expression (himself/whoever)

Question 23

Deixis (DIKE-sis)

Answer 23

expression that had one meaning but can refer to different entities depening on the speaker and his or her spatial and temporal orientation (ie two people having a conversation referencing left and right, you, i, etc)

Question 24

Semantic Meaning

Answer 24

the context in which sentence is said, meaning of the words in the sentence, morphological and syntactic structure, depends on the lexicon of English.

Question 25

Principle of Compositionality

Answer 25

the semantic meaning of any unit of language is determined by the semantic meaning of its parts along with the way they are put together.

Question 26

Compositional Semantics

Answer 26

formal semantics concerned with how principle of compositionality is applied- study the veriety of grammatical patterns which occur in languages across the world.

Question 27

Denotative Meaning

Answer 27

the logical meaning- indicates the essential qualitites of a concept that distinguished it from other concepts.

Question 28

connotative meaning

Answer 28

additional or associated meaning whichi is attached to the denotative conceptual meaning.

Question 29

social meaning

Answer 29

meaning the word possesses by virtue of its use in particula social situations and circumstances

Question 30

thematic meaning

Answer 30

the manner in which a message is organized for emphasis

Question 31

The Theory of Naming

Answer 31

Language is a communication system which works with two elements: signifiers and signified

Question 32

The Conceptual Theory of Meaning

Answer 32

words and things are related through the mediation of concepts of the mind

Question 33

The Behavioristic Theory of Meaning

Answer 33

Meaning in terms of context a langjage is used.

Question 34

Agent

Answer 34

the entity that performs the action

Question 35

theme

Answer 35

the entitey that is involved in or affected by the action

Question 36

Instrument

Answer 36

if an agent uses another entity in performing an action, that other entity takes the role of instrument

Question 37

Benefactive

Answer 37

the noun or noun phrase that refers to the person or animal who benefits from the action of the verb

Question 38

Analytic Sentence

Answer 38

one that is necessarily true simply by virtue of the words in the sentence (a bachelor is an unmarried man)

Question 39

Contradictory sentence

Answer 39

a sentence that is false simply by virtue of the words in it

Question 40

synthetic sentence

Answer 40

true or false depending on how the world is