Week 5 CH 3 Key Terms

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

the study of the abstract categories that organize the sound system of a language

Question 2

Spectogram

Answer 2

a graphic representation of the frequency distribution of the complex jumble of sound waves that give the hearing impression of speech sounds.

Question 3

Phoneme

Answer 3

the smallest unit of sound in a language

Question 4

phone

Answer 4

a physical realization of a speech sound (like the voiceless or the voiced alveolar approximant.

Question 5

Allophones of a phoneme

Answer 5

the phones which function as alternant realisations of the same phoneme.

Question 6

narrow transcription

Answer 6

additional articulatory details in a transcript

Question 7

Distribution

Answer 7

different positions in which a speech sound can occur, or not occur, in words of a language. (phonetic context=position)

Question 8

complementary distribution

Answer 8

two sounds which are distributed in such a way that one can only occur where the other cannot occur

Question 9

Rule /r/

Answer 9

/r/ (upside down r) will be realized as [r o] (voiceless) after voiceless consonants, and as [r] in all other contexts

Question 10

minimal pairs

Answer 10

a pair of words which differ in only one sound, but differ in meaning (tip/hip, mow/so, cheep/chip)

Question 11

word boundaries

Answer 11

= word boundary, ___ = position, I -voice I = voiceless, #___ = word initial, __#= word final, C___ = word medial (consonant), and V__V= word medial intervocalic (vowel)

Question 12

Free variation

Answer 12

speakers can choose which allophones they use; two sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning, and without being considered incorrect by native speakers. (different word pronunciations that do not change meaning)

Question 13

intervocalic position

Answer 13

a consonant that occurs between two vowels (ie: [v] in clover, or [r] or /r/ in carrot.

Question 14

neutralisation

Answer 14

in particular contexts, the contrast between phonemes becomes invisible (in german rad/rat sound the same)

Question 15

final devoicing

Answer 15

voiced phonemes have voiceless allophone in the word-final position

Question 16

phonological Rule Predicting Allophonic realisation of /l/

Answer 16

1) as voiceless [l o] after a word-initial voiceless consonant. 2) as [~l] in word final position. 3) as [l] elsewhere

Question 17

aspirated stops

Answer 17

a stop that is produced with an extra breath of air

Question 18

non-rhotic

Answer 18

R-sounds do not occur in word-final positions

Question 19

rhotic

Answer 19

varieties of English in which R-sounds can occur in word-final positions

Question 20

constituents

Answer 20

elements that make up a syllable (“slots for consonants” and “slots for vowels”)

Question 21

Syllabic consonants

Answer 21

consonants that occupy the central part of a syllable

Question 22

nucleus (of a word)

Answer 22

slot for vowel, can be filled by a vowel, a diphthong, or a syllabic consonant

Question 23

onset

Answer 23

the slot for consonants- prevocalic slot, not obligatory

Question 24

coda

Answer 24

the slot for consonants postvocalic slot, not obligatory

Question 25

syllabification

Answer 25

assigning syllable structure to words

Question 26

sonarity sequencing Principle

Answer 26

sounds preceding the nucleus (onsets) must rise in sonarity, sounds following the nucleus (coda) must fall in sonarity.

Question 27

Sonarity

Answer 27

a measure of output of periodic acoustic energy associated with production of a particular segment of sound, thus its intrinsic loudness. plosives->fricatives->nasals->[l]->[r]->vowels