semester 1 exam Flashcards
list all 11 organs of digestive system
mouth salivary glands esophagus stomach liver gall bladder pancreas small intestine large intestine rectum anus
what enzymes break down…
~lipids
~carbohydrates
~proteins
~lipase
~amylase
~trypsin & pepsin
where are the following broken down…
~lipids
~carbohydrates
~proteins
~small intestine
~mouth
~small intestine(trypsin) or stomach(pepsin)
what 3 factors effect the rate of enzyme activity
temp, concentration, and pH
list 3 enzymes and their substrates
lactase - lactose
sucrase - sucrose
ATP synthase - ATP
define and give an example of hydrolysis
- water breaking
- digestion of polymers
define and give an example of dehydration synthesis
- down H2O to make
- synthesis of polymers
types of carbs
mono, di, poly
roles of carbs
quick energy
energy storage
examples of carbs (3)
glucose, sucrose, starch
identification of carbs
- benedicts (blue - red, orange, yellow, green)
- iodine (yellow - black)
types of lipids
steroids, phospholipids, fats
roles of lipids
- insulation
- stored energy
examples of lipids
cholesterol, saturated fats, unsaturated fats
identification of lipids
brown paper
roles of proteins
protect, catalyst, movement
examples of proteins
WBC, enzyme, muscle
identification of proteins
biurets (blue - violet)
types of nucleic acids
nucleotides
roles of nucleic acids
energy, messenger, direct cell
examples of nucleic acids
ATP, RNA, DNA
identification of nucleic acids
none
list all 7 organs of urinary system an their functions
kidneys- remove liquids from blood
adrenal glands- produces adrenaline
ureters- joins kidney to bladder
urinary bladder- stores urine until released
urethra- neck of bladder; where urine leaves body from
renal artery (aorta)- artery leading to kidneys
renal vein (vena cava)- vein leading away from the kidneys
causes of…
~diabetes
~kidney malfunction
~UTI
~sugar in sugar
~excess protein, may have blood in urine
~cloudy urine with bacteria; painful urination
explain the connections between the digestive system enzymes biochemistry urinary system
the digestive system functions because of enzymes, or proteins. protein is a biomolecule like carbs lipids or nucleic acids. the urinary system functions to remove these biomolecules.
cell theory
- scleiden and schwann
- all things are made of cells
- cells come from other cells
- cells are the basic units of life
diffusion
general movement of molecules from high to low concentration
osmosis
diffusion of water
facilitated diffusion
diffusion of molecules through a transport protein
active transport
HAS energy / L to H concentration
passive transport
NO energy / H to L concentration
endocytosis/exocytosis
into/out
exocytosis
- pinocytosis
- phagocytosis
concentration gradient
unequal distribution of solutes
what happens to a hypotonic solution in an animal cell
cytolysis
what happens to a hypotonic solution in a plant cell
turgor
what happens to an isotonic solution in an animal cell
stays equal
what happens to an isotonic solution in a plant cell
stays equal
what happens to a hypertonic solution in an animal cell
shrink
what happens to a hypertonic solution in a plant cell
plasmolysis
dendrites
recieve neurotransmitters from previous neuron
cellbody
most organelles are here
synapse
neurotransmitters diffuse to next neuron
nucleus
control center
axon
transmits electrical impulses down the neuron
schwann cell
division of myelin sheath
myelin sheath
insulates axon
terminal buds
releases neurotransmitters using exocytosis
function of seratonin
mood and impulsivity
function of dopamine
pleasure
function of endorphins
pain relief
functions of epinephrine
alertness
explain the evidence used to support the endosymbiotic theory
- chloroplast and mitochondria are membrane bound like a cell
- chloroplast and mitochondria have their own DNA like cells
- chloroplast and mitochondria are the same size as bacteria
- one cell engulfed another and rather than die, it lived inside of it
list all 12 organelles
nucleus nucleolus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus mitochondria chloroplast lysosome vacuole plasma membrane cytoplasm cell wall
platelets
assist in forming clots
WBC
defend body of infectious diseases
RBC
contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen
plasma
liquid component
sickle cell anemia
RBC are abnormally shaped
myocardial infarction
heart attack
hemophilia
insufficient platelets
leukemia
bone marrow makes unhealthy WBC
bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi