Semester 2 Final

Question 1

Neutrophils

Answer 1

Phagocytize bacteria and fungi.

First in response to an infection.

Question 2

Lymphocytes

Answer 2

B-cells produce antibodies.

T-cells direct immune response.

NK cells attack viruses.

Question 3

Monocytes

Answer 3

Differentiate into macrophages.

Phagocytize pathogens and dead cells.

Question 4

Eosinophils

Answer 4

Combat parasites and modulate allergic reactions.

Question 5

Basophils

Answer 5

Release histamine (allergic responses) and heparin (anti-coagulant).

Question 6

Blood is formed in ______

Answer 6

Bone marrow

Question 7

Liquid part of blood is ______

Answer 7

Plasma

Question 8

Rate of RBC production is regulated by _______

Answer 8

Erythropoietin

Question 9

Damaged RBC’s are destroyed by ________

Answer 9

The liver

Question 10

Greenish pigment from RBC breakdown: ________

Answer 10

Biliverdin

Question 11

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils: ______

Answer 11

Granulocytes

Question 12

Monocytes and lymphocytes: _______

Answer 12

Agranulocytes

Question 13

RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets derived from: ______

Answer 13

Hemocytoblasts

Question 14

Iron is needed for _______ molecules

Answer 14

Hemoglobin

Question 15

Moving outside the capillary wall is _________

Answer 15

Diapedesis

Question 16

Location of atrioventricular valves

Answer 16

Bicuspid and tricuspid valves

Question 17

Location of semilunar valves

Answer 17

Base of pulmonary trunk and aorta

Question 18

Difference of atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves

Answer 18

Atrioventricular: cusps

Semilunar: pouches

Question 19

How are arteries most frequently named?

Answer 19

Body part it goes to or through

Question 20

The pacemaker (S-A node) is located in the ______

Answer 20

Right atrium

Question 21

What is unique about the pulmonary arteries? Only arteries to have __________

Answer 21

Deoxygenated blood

Question 22

Purpose of venous valves

Answer 22

Prevent backflow

Question 23

Layers in the blood vessels: arteries and veins have _______, but _______ layer thick in arteries. Capillaries have _______ to allow all the transport goals. Sort question with features unique to each and the main features arteries and veins share.

Answer 23

3 layers; the middle; 1 layer

Question 24

Hepatic portal system - delivers all nutrients from _______ to the _____, unique because goes artery-capillary-vein-capillary instead of artery-capillary-vein

Answer 24

Intestines; liver

Question 25

Definition of sphincter

Answer 25

Ring of muscle that closes a tube

Question 26

Definition of pulse

Answer 26

the rhythmic throbbing of arteries as blood is pumped by the heart, typically felt at the wrist or neck.

Question 27

How to calculate pulse rate

Answer 27

15 sec. Multiply by 4

Question 28

Calculation of cardiac output

Answer 28

Stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output Stroke volume (mls per beat) Heart rate (beats per minute)

Question 29

Specific blood vessel locations

Answer 29

Carotid (neck), jugular (neck, drains blood), femoral (thigh), and radial (wrist).

Question 30

Permeability of capillaries

Answer 30

Looser vs. tighter Looser (intestines) Tighter (brain)

Question 31

Difference between arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

Answer 31

Arteriosclerosis is general artery hardening, while atherosclerosis is a specific type involving plaque buildup.

Question 32

Atherosclerosis causes and treatments

Answer 32

caused by high cholesterol, smoking, and hypertension, and is treated with lifestyle changes, medications like statins, and procedures such as stents or bypass surgery.

Question 33

Blood pressure significance in hypertension

Answer 33

High blood pressure strains the heart and arteries, increasing risks of stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage.

Question 34

Why diastolic high is worse than systolic

Answer 34

High diastolic pressure (bottom number) is worse because it indicates stiff, damaged arteries even at rest.

Question 35

Terms from GI system

Answer 35

peristalsis (muscle contractions moving food), bile (digests fats), and chyme (partially digested food in stomach).

Question 36

Integration of systems

Answer 36

The body's systems (e.g., circulatory, nervous, endocrine) work together to maintain homeostasis, like the heart adjusting blood flow during digestion or exercise.