Semester 2 RAD QUALITY Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following radiographic accessories functions to produce a uniform density on the radiograph
A
Wedge filter and step wedge
2
Q
CHF increase or decrease technique
A
Increase
3
Q
15% rule
A
Increase KVP by 15% will have the same affect on RE as doubling the mAs
4
Q
A 15% increase in KVP accompanied by 15% decrease in mAs will result in
A
Longer scale of contrast and increase in receptor exposure
5
Q
Device that restricts the size of the x-ray field to only the anatomical structure of interest
A
Cones, collimator, Aperture diaphragm
6
Q
Methods of limiting the production of scatter radiation
A
Use the prone position for abdominal exams, restrict the field size to the smallest practical size, use high KVP
7
Q
What is the grid ratio of a grid with 3MM height, .025MM sick lead grid strips, and .3 MM sick enter space material?
A
10:1, 16:1, 8:1
8
Q
Pneumonia increase or decrease technique
A
Increase
9
Q
Which of the following is/are true concerning the role of KVP in image production?
- As KVP is increased penetrating ability of x-rays increases
- As KVP is increased more x-rays exit the patient to strike the IR
- As KVP is decreased, receptor exposure decreases
A
12&3
10
Q
Contrast resolution is improved by
A
Lower in KVP, tight collimation, patient compression
11
Q
Degenerative arthritis is a destructive disease true or false
A
True
12
Q
Distance has no effect on radiation quality T/F
A
True
13
Q
The functions of automatic beam limitation devices include
- Reducing the production of scattered radiation
- Increasing the absorption of scattered radiation
- Changing the quality of the x-ray beam
A
1 only
14
Q
What is osteoporosis
A
Loss of bone density, wasting of tissue, inflammatory condition
15
Q
How does body habitus affect the selection of technical factors
A
In general the larger the patient or body part the more mAs and KVP needed to obtain an optimal image
16
Q
The main disadvantage of using parallel grid is
A
Grid cut off and lowered frequency
17
Q
Bowel obstruction increase or decrease technique
A
Decrease
18
Q
Discuss how an increase in KVP changes x-ray quantity, x-ray quality and contrast scale
A
Quantity increases because higher KVP is more efficient in producing x-rays quality increases because of the x-ray beam has a higher effective energy and is more penetrating
Hayao KVP produces last differential absorption and therefore reduce his contrast
19
Q
Emphysema increase or decrease technique
A
Decrease
20
Q
What is acites
A
Abnormal accumulation of fluid
21
Q
Why does tissue compression improve image contrast
A
reduces the thickness of the tissue so that less scatter radiation is produced the result is better image contrast and lower patient dose
22
Q
Hemothorax increase or decrease technique
A
Increase
23
Q
Sharpness of detail can be improved by increasing
A
SID and focal spot size
24
Q
Added filtration has the effect of _____ The beam quality and ______ contrast
A
Increasing, reducing
25
How can you improve image contrast with a heavy patient without increasing patient dose
Use tight collimation
26
A pneumothorax is free air in the interstitial tissue spaces of the lung T/F
False
27
The ability to see the detail on an image and is best measured by contrast resolution
visibility of detail
28
Radiographic grade constructed so that the grid strips converge on an imaginary line to coincide with the divergence of the x-ray beam
Focus grid
29
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List the following tissues in order from most radiolucent to most radiopaque
1 muscle
2 fat
3 lung
4 bone
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3214
30
Which combination of exposure factors will most likely contribute to producing the longest scale contrast
12 mAs 90 kvp 8:1 grid ratio
31
Ability to distinguish between and to image similar tissues
Contrast resolution
32
Describe the two focal spots available in x-ray tubes explain how each is typically used
Large and small. More x-rays can be produced with large focal spot size small focal spot capacity of x-ray production is limited. A small focal spot is used for fine detail radiography magnification radiography and extremity radiography
33
Atelectasis increase or decrease technique
Increase
34
What is arthritis
Inflammatory condition
35
Calculate no grid 80 mAs 75 KVP= 16:1 grid ____ mAs 86 kvp
240 mAs
36
Atrophy increase or decrease technique
Decrease
37
Absence of R E on an image due to the unintended x-ray absorption by the grid led strips
Grid cut off
38
True or false patient does increases with increasing grid ratio
True
39
Foreshortening is caused by
An angled body part when the beam is perpendicular to the image receptor
40
Why should a lumbar spine be well collimated
To reduce scatter reaching the image receptor which will improve image contrast
41
The purpose of a grid is to achieve
Improved image contrast
42
Osteoporosis increase or decrease technique
Decrease
43
Plural effusion increase or decrease technique
Increase
44
Pneumothorax
A collection of air or gas in the plural space causing the lung to collapse
45
Scatter radiation increases as ______ increases
Field size
46
True or false all pathological conditions increase subject density
False
47
Which is the linear grid with a widest latitude for centering and focus
5:1
48
The required total filtration is 2.0 Al equivalent
False
49
What happens to image contrast and patient does Asmore filtration is added to the x-ray beam
Increasing beam filtration reduces both image contrast and patient dose
50
Ascites increase or decrease technique
Increase
51
RE on an image can be controlled by two major factors
Correct mAs and SID
52
What is emphysema
Overdistention of lung tissue by air
53
A radiograph with long scale of contrast will have ____ latitude and _____ contrast
Wide low
54
Three primary factors influencing the intensity of scatter in the image forming Beam are
KVP, field size, patient thickness
55
Contrast improvement factor is higher for high-grade ratios true or false
True
56
What is atrophy
Wasting of tissue
57
Calculate the new mAs no grid 60 mAs = 12:1 grid _____ mAs
300
58
An increase in being restriction will increase our E true or false
False
59
Which one of these groups of exposure factors would produce the greatest receptor exposure
400 mA, .2 sec, 90 kvp, 16:1 grid, 40” SID
60
Inherent glass envelope oil plastic window mirrors plus added filtration sheets of aluminum
Total filtration
61
Which of the following technical changes would best serve to remedy the effect of widely different tissue densities
High KVP exposure factors
62
The misrepresentation of object size and shape on an image
Distortion
63
And understanding of pathology will help the radiographer reduce the need for repeat T/F
True
64
Pathology affect subject density T/F
True
65
Calculate 5:1 grid 75mAs = 8:1 _____ mAs
150
66
Calculate 12:1 grid 120 mAs = 5:1 grid ____ mAs
48
67
Define aortic aneurysm
A localized dilation of the wall of the aorta caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension
68
The exposure factors used for a particular non-grid radiographs were 400 mA, .w sec, and 90 kvp. Another radiograph using an 8:1 grid is requested. Which of the following groups of factors is most appropriate
400 mA , .08 s, 90 kvp
69
The principal advantage of a large focal spot compared with a small focal spot is
A greater number of x-rays can be produced
70
Calculate 12:1 100 mAs 90 kvp = 8:1 grid ____ mAs 76 kvp
160
71
Small focal spot will provide a
Finer detail of image
72
If you increase oh I do you will increase or decrease size distortion
Increase
73
And undistorted image results when the object plane in the image plane are
Parallel
74
Focal spot size affects magnification and shape distortion
False
75
Boxer fracture
Fifth metacarpal
76
KVP is the most important influence on subject contrast
True
77
Distortion can be caused by
Tube angle, the position of the Organ or structure within the body, the radiographic positioning of the part
78
SIDaffect spatial resolution in which of the following ways
Spatial resolution is directly related to SID
79
Three primary geometric factors affecting image quality are
Magnification, distortion, focal spot blur
80
Patient thickness affects image quality by affecting
Focal spot blur, magnification, radiographic contrast
81
The best way to minimize magnification is to have
Short OID, long SID
82
The ability to image to separate objects visually detect one from another
Resolution
83
Bennett fracture
First metacarpal
84
Destructive disease pathology causes the tissue to be more radiolucent appearing white on the image
False
85
If subject density increases contrast will increase or decrease
Increase
86
Spatial resolution can be improved by
Careful instructions to the patient using the shortest time
87
Irregular anatomy does not cause distortion when imaged off the central ray
False
88
Increasing which of the following is effective in reducing focal spot blur
SID
89
Ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast such as liver and spleen
Contrast resolution
90
Grade a latitude is available to the radiographer in which of the following Circumstances
Using a low grade ratio using high KVP
91
A linear object (like an extremity) is placed at an angle to the image receptor if the CR is directed perpendicularly toward the receptor of the object will be
Foreshortened
92
Added filtration has the effect of ______ The beam quality and _____ Patient dose
Increasing, reducing
93
Which of the following list of substances that make up the human body best places in increasing order of density
Air, fat, water, muscle, bone
94
Increase in the S ID and adjusting the exposure factors with the direct square law to maintain R E will
Increase spatial resolution
95
Image noise may be described as
Undesirable fluctuations (graininess) in brightness
96
Which of the following factors are associated with subject contrast
Patient thickness, tissue density, KVP
97
The variation of the x-ray intensity along the longitudinal axis of the x-ray beam describes
Anode heel affects
98
Acceptable methods of minimizing motion unsharpness are
Suspended respiration, short exposure time, patient instruction
99
All of the following are related to spatial resolution except
Grid ratio
100
An increase in OID will
Increase magnification, decrease spatial resolution
101
Which of the following sets of technical factors would produce an image with the greatest spatial resolution
100 mA .3 s 90kvp 72” SID 2” OID .6mm FSs
102
If the radiographer is unable to achieve a short OID because of patient condition which of the following adjustments can be made to minimize magnification
A longer S ID should be used
103
Focus flat blur occurs because the x-rays are not coming from a point
True
104
When performing a thoracic spine procedure you want to take advantage of the anode heel is sacked by positioning the patient
With the abdomen at the cathode end of the tube
105
Focal spot blur is greatest
Toward the cathode end of the tube
106
To improve Bonnie detail in a radiograph the radiologic technologist could do which of the following
Use a smaller focal spot
107
A decrease in spatial resolution may be expected with and
Increase in OID, increase in focal spot size
108
An increase in SID will
Increase spatial resolution, decrease magnification
109
An increase in angulation of the tube, part or IR decreases distortion
False
110
Focal spot blur can be reduced by using
A small focal spot a short OID
111
Commuted fracture
Multiple fragments
112
If the object plane in the image plane are not parallel distortion occurs
True
113
Which of these body parts has the highest subject contrast
Chest
114
Which of the following will result in the best spatial resolution
.3 MM FS
115
Collies fracture is
Distal radius fracture with posterior dislocation
116
Thick objects are more distorted than thin ones T/F
True
117
Greenstick fracture
Bowing of shaft
118
And image receptor with _____ can be used over a greater range of exposures
Wide latitude
119
If you increase IR speed you will increase or decrease spatial resolution
Decrease
120
A high-quality image should always demonstrate
Minimal magnification
121
The area projected onto the patient in the image receptor
Effective focal spot
122
Which of the following are symptoms of shock
Cool clammy pale skin Low blood pressure accelerated pulse
123
As KVP ____ The probability of photoelectric absorption ______
Increases, decreases
124
Which of the following characteristics describes the interaction between x-radiation and barium sulfate
Increase x-ray photon absorption, high atomic number of contrast agent, increased radiographic contrast
125
Diverticulum is a
Pouch like herniations through muscular walls
126
Air must not be injected when performing venipuncture because
An air embolus word form and may be fatal to the patient
127
The two primary forms of x ray Interaction in the diagnostic range are
Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption
128
Air contrast BE studies are successful because
Low KVP techniques are used, there are differences in effective atomic number, there are differences in mass density
129
Which of the following patient history factors could result in medical complications from barium sulfate administration
Colin biopsy two hours ago, ulcerative colitis, sedated patient
130
Add the first indication of a contact the technologist
Stop the exam and obtain help so as not to alarm the patient
131
Suspension agents such as sodium carbonate added to a barium sulfate to prevent
Flocculation
132
Which of the following drugs should be discontinued 48 hours before and up to 48 hours after the administration of water soluble iodinated contrast media
Glucophage
133
All patients should expect correct procedures with regard to drug administration these correct procedures or rights include
The correct time forgiving the drug, The right route of a ministration, correct drug and drug amount administered
134
Which of the following maybe used to effectively reduce the viscosity of contrast media
Warming
135
The ideal Iodinated contrast agent would have what characteristics
Low osmolality, non-ionic chemical structure
136
A good patient history should be taken by the technologist to
Assist a radiologist in understanding the patient’s illness disease or injury
137
In reviewing a patient’s blood work prior to the administration of contrast media which of the following BUN ranges is considered normal
8-25 mg/100 ml
138
Proper treatment for contrast media extravasation into tissues around a vein includes
Application of moist heat to affected area, application of pressure to injection site
139
What is the most frequently use site for IV injection of contrast media
Anti-cubital vein
140
Which of the following are characteristics of barium sulfate
Metallic salts, higher atomic number
141
A severe life-threatening response to a drug is called
Anaphylaxis
142
A common contrast media used to demonstrate the G.I. tract is
Barium sulfate
143
The highest incidence of contrast media reactions occurs with the use of
Iodinated contrast media
144
The most frequently performed exam using a contrast medium is a
Chest x-ray
145
Which of the following criteria would be considerations for the use of nonionic contrast media rather than an ionic contrast agent for a CT exam
The patient reports a history of hayfever, patient is 75-year-old diabetic, patient experienced nausea and flushing during previous injection of contrast media, sickle cell disease, patient has a history of cardiac problems
146
When a G.I. series has been requested on a patient with suspected perforated ulcer the type of contrast media that should be used is
Water soluble
147
Who is the most important person in the radiology department
The patient
148
Each of the following is an example of a negative contrast media except
Barium sulfate
149
The osmotic affects of ionic contrast agents are a result of the movement of
Water from the body cells into the bloodstream causing increased blood volume and higher blood pressure
150
Contrast media that are high in osmolality can be harmful to the patients with compromise renal function. Patient to commonly have compromised kidney function include
Patients with diabetes, renal dialysis patients, elderly patients
151
Do use of contrast agents increases the amount of
Photoelectric absorption
152
Or select examinations air (negative contrast agent) and radiopaque contrast are used as a pair to outline mucosal lining‘s, joint spaces, passageways. These exams are considered
Double contrast studies
153
A quantity of medication introduced over a period of time is termed
An infusion
154
A patient is usually required to drink barium in order to demonstrate which of the following structures
Plyorus , stomach, duo denim
155
The use of contrast material as a means for visualizing human anatomy has a long history regardless of the type of contrast media the purpose for using contrast media is to
Enhance the low subject contrast of anatomic structures
156
Which of the following are true concerning positive contrast media
Water soluble iodine compounds may be used if perforations are suspected
Barium should be mixed with cold water for a BE
Barium is an inert substance
Water soluble iodine compounds may cause serious dehydration
Barium is a surgical containment
157
The difference between those x-rays that are absorbed in those that are transmitted
Differential absorption
158
An injection that is given to a patient relies on a _____ route of administration
Parenteral
159
Which one of the following radiographic examination should be scheduled last
UGI
160
Radiographic contrast media that is injected into the circulatory system must be
Water soluble
161
Volvulus is
Twisting of a loop of bowel
162
Hi atomic number element absorb x-rays at a greater rate than lower atomic elements T/F
T
163
A polyp is a
Small growth from the mucous membranes
164
The recommendation to use cold tapwater when mixing with a barium sulfate for barium enema enema studies is to reduce which of the following symptoms
Abdominal cramping, bowel irritation, colon spasms
165
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Choose the priority scheduling order of fasting patient scheduled for contrast media examination
1 children
2 elderly or debilitated patients
3 adult
4 diabetic patients
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2413
166
Differential absorption is dependent on the
KVP of the exposure, atomic number of the absorber, mass density of the absorber
167
And air embolus can form as a complication of negative contrast media administration
True
168
Air must not be injected when performing an IV because
And air embolus would form and may become fatal to the patient
169
After injected Iodinated contrast media radiographer should
Remain with the patient and observe for signs of reaction
170
Radiolucent contrast media appear
Dark on images
171
Which of the following drugs is an antihistamine and is given to the patient who is experiencing a minor allergic reaction such as hives
Benadryl
