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AP Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy

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2
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense (meaningful)

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

-sensation
-happens in the eyes
-sensory receptors take in every little detail occurring in a situation and send it up to the brain for interpretation

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

-perception
-occurs in the brain
-easily recognizable, ex. I hear one word from a song and I immediately know that it is pitbull singing and that I love that song

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5
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (affluent) nerves and the brain

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6
Q

photoreception

A

direction of light, perceieved as sight

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7
Q

mechanoreception

A

detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, perceived as touch, hearing, and equillibrium

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8
Q

chemoreception

A

detection of chemical stimuli perceived as smell and taste

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9
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect
-candle 30 mi. away 50% of the time

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10
Q

noise

A

competing stimuli, anything that is in the way (distracting stimuli)

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11
Q

difference threshold

A

the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected

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12
Q

weber’s law

A

the rinciple that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceives as different

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13
Q

subliminal perception

A

the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness

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14
Q

signal detection theory

A

an approach to perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
-TSA checking bags (what causes them to not get a HIT)

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15
Q

attention

A

the processing of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the environment

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16
Q

selective attention

A

the act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others

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17
Q

perceptual set

A

a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way
-reflect top-down processing

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18
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation

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19
Q

sclera

A

the white outer part of the eye that helps maintain shape of the eye

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20
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eyes, muscles from it help to contract and dilate the pupil

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21
Q

pupil

A

opening in the eye; allows for light to enter the eye

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22
Q

cornea

A

clear membrane that is the outermost part of the eye that protects the pupil and iris

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23
Q

lens

A

-acts almost like a camera and moves to focus an image (accomadation)
-located behind the iris and pupil

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24
Q

retina

A

covered in receptor cells that converts the light energy into neural impulses for processing in the brain
-light sensitive

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25
Q

rods

A

receptor cells in the retina that detect light and dark. (black, grey, and white)

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26
Q

cones

A

receptor cells in retina that help us to see color

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27
Q

optic nerve

A

structure in the back of the eyes that is made up of axons of ganglion cells that carry visual information to the brain for further processing and analysis

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28
Q

feature detectors

A

-involved in vision
-neurons that are responsible for Shapes, angles and movement
-allow us to see the “whole” stimulus

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29
Q

parallel processing

A

the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways
-perceiving “what” and “where” at once

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30
Q

binding

A

in the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells

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31
Q

trichromatic theory

A

states that color perception is based on 3 types of cone receptors red, green, and blue

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32
Q

opponent-process theory

A

states that cells in the visual field system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow
-staring at red then looking away and you get a green after image

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33
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground)

34
Q

gestalt psychology

A

a school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns

35
Q

principles of gestalt

A
  1. closure
  2. proximity
  3. similarity
36
Q

closure

A

when we see disconnected or incomplete figures, we fill in the spaces and see them as complete figures

37
Q

proximity

A

when we see objects that are near to eachother, they tend to be seen as a unit

38
Q

similarity

A

when we see objects that are similar to eachother, they tend to be seen as a unit

39
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally

40
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that require both eyes
-convergence
-retinal disparity

41
Q

retinal disparity

A

binocular cue
-objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinal
-ex. opening and closing one eye with hand infront of ur face

42
Q

convergence

A

binocular cue
-if the objects are near, the eyes will converge, almost crossing
-if object is far, focus without needing to converge

43
Q

moncular cues

A

cues that require one eye
-familiar/relative size
-height in field of view/ plane
-linear perspective
-overlap/interposition
-light and shadow/ shading
-texture gradient

44
Q

familiar/ relative size

A

knowing how far an object is by already knowing that objects typical size

45
Q

height in field of view/plane

A

higher in the picture equals farther away

46
Q

linear perspective

A

smaller equals farther away

47
Q

overlap/interposition

A

object overlapping another equals closer

48
Q

shading/ light and shadow

A

changes in the perception due to the position of light

49
Q

texture gradient

A

denser and finer equals farther away

50
Q

apparent movement

A

perception that a stationary object is moving

51
Q

perceptual constancy

A

recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing

52
Q

types of perceptual constancy

A
  1. size constancy
  2. shape constancy
  3. color constancy
53
Q

size constancy

A

recognition that an object remains the same size even though the retinal image of the object changes

54
Q

shape constancy

A

recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to you changes

55
Q

color constancy

A

recognition that an object stays the same color even thought different amounts of light fall on it
-ex. paint swatches

56
Q

timbre

A

the tone saturation

57
Q

tympanic membrane

A

(eardrum)
-seperates the outer ear from the middle ear
-first structure that sound reaches in the middle ear
-vibrates in response to sound

58
Q

hammer, anvil, stirrup

A

-also know as osicles
-when they vibrate, they transmit sound waves to the fluid-filled inner ear
-take the vibration of the eardrum and transmit it to the oval window

59
Q

oval window

A

transmits sound waves to cochlea

60
Q

cochlea

A

a tubuloar, fluid-filled structure that is coiled up liek a snail

61
Q

basilar membrane

A

lines the inner wall of the cochlea but widens and becomes more flexible at the top

62
Q

hair cells

A

ears sensory receptors

63
Q

cilia

A

tufts or fine bristles located in the hair cells

64
Q

tectorial membrane

A

jelly liike flap above hair cells
-movement of this generates impulses that the brain interprets as sound

65
Q

cochlear implants

A

electronic device that is implanted in the ear and head that allows deaf people to detect sound

66
Q

2 theories of hearing

A
  1. place theory
  2. frequency theory
67
Q

place theory

A

theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane

68
Q

frequency theory

A

theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires

69
Q

volley principle

A

modification of the frequency theory stating that individual nuerons can’t fire faster than 1,000 times per second, but if they team up and alternate their neural firing, they can attain a combined frequency above that rate
-ex. army soldiers firing their guns

70
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body’s temperature 98.6

71
Q

pain

A

the sensation that warns an individual of damage to the body

72
Q

papillae

A

rounded bumps above the tongue’s surface that contain the taste buds

73
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

the lining of the roof of the nasal canal, containing a sheet of receptor cells of smell

74
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation

75
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense that provides information about balance and movement

76
Q

semicircular canals

A

three-fluid filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when an individual tilts or moves the head

77
Q

transduction for the eye

A

occurs in the retina, process of converting light waves into neural impulse

78
Q

transduction for the ear

A

occurs in the cochlea, process of converting sound waves into neural impulse

79
Q

prosopagnosia

A

disease where your brain can not recognize faces, they can see just fine, but cannot determine who a person is by their face

80
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize an object by just looking at it

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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