Sensation And Perception

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

Enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Question 2

Bottom up processing

Answer 2

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and word up to the brains integration of sensory information

Question 3

Top down processing

Answer 3

Information processing guided by higher level mental processing
We construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Question 4

Selective attention

Answer 4

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Question 5

Inattentional blindness

Answer 5

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Question 6

Change blindness

Answer 6

Failing to notice changes in environment

Question 7

Psychophysics

Answer 7

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

Question 8

Absolute threshold

Answer 8

The minimum stimulation needed to detect particular stimulus 50% of the time.

Question 9

Signal detection theory

Answer 9

Theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience expectations motivation and alertness.

Question 10

Subliminal

Answer 10

Below absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Question 11

Priming

Answer 11

Activation
Often unconscious
Predisposing perception, memory or response

Question 12

Difference threshold

Answer 12

Minimum diff between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
jnd or just noticeable difference

Question 13

Weber’s law

Answer 13

The principal that in order to be perceived as different 2 stimuli must differ by a constant %.

Question 14

Sensory adaptation

Answer 14

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Question 15

Transduction

Answer 15

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds, smells, Into neural impulses our brains can interpret

Question 16

Wavelength

Answer 16

Distance from the peak of one long or sound wave to the peak of the next.

Question 17

Hue

Answer 17

Dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light

What we know as blue green and so on…

Question 18

Intensity

Answer 18

Amount of energy in a light or sounds wave
Which we perceive as brightness or loudness
Determined by waves amplitude

Question 19

Pupil

Answer 19

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

Question 20

Iris

Answer 20

Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Question 21

Lens

Answer 21

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Question 22

Retina

Answer 22

Light sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Question 23

Accommodation

Answer 23

Process by which eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Question 24

Rods

Answer 24

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, gray. Necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when comes don’t respond.

Question 25

Cones

Answer 25

``` Retinal receptor cells Concentrated near center of retina Function in daylight (well lit) Fine detail Colors ```

Question 26

Optic nerve

Answer 26

Nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to the brain

Question 27

Blind spot

Answer 27

Point at which optic nerve leaves the eye | Created blind spot bc there are no receptor cells located there

Question 28

Fovea

Answer 28

central focal point in the retina | Cones cluster around them

Question 29

Feature detectors

Answer 29

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus Such as shape Angle movement

Question 30

Parallel processing

Answer 30

Process of many aspects of a problem simultaneously | Natural

Question 31

Young-Hemholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

Answer 31

``` Theory that retina contains 3 different color receptors One sensitive to red One to blue One to green Combined produces colors ```

Question 32

Opponent process theory

Answer 32

Theory that opposing retinal processes (Red, yellow blue, white black,) enable color vision Some stimulated by green and inhibited by red Others stimulated by red and inhibited by green

Question 33

Audition

Answer 33

Sense of hearing

Question 34

Frequency

Answer 34

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Question 35

Pitch

Answer 35

A tones experience highness or lowness depends on frequency

Question 36

Middle ear

Answer 36

Chamber between the eardrum an cochlea containing 3 tiny bones Hammer Anvil Stirrup Concentrate vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlear oval window

Question 37

Cochlea

Answer 37

Coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Question 38

Inner ear

Answer 38

The innermost part of the ear Cochlea Semicircular canals Vestibular sacs

Question 39

Place theory

Answer 39

Theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

Question 40

Frequency theory

Answer 40

The theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone Thus we sense pitch

Question 41

Conduction hearing loss

Answer 41

Caused by damage to mechanical system

Question 42

Sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 42

Damage to cochlea receptor cells or to auditory nerves

Question 43

Cochlear implant

Answer 43

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

Question 44

Kinesthesis

Answer 44

The system for sending the position and movement of body parts

Question 45

Vestibular sense

Answer 45

The sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance

Question 46

gate-control theory

Answer 46

Theory that spinal chord contains neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to go to the brain Opened by activity of small nerve fibers Closed by activity in larger fibers or other info

Question 47

Sensory interaction

Answer 47

One sense may influence another

Question 48

Gestalt

Answer 48

``` Organized whole (Gestalt psychologists Emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces into wholes) ```

Question 49

Figure ground

Answer 49

Figures stand out from their surroundings

Question 50

Grouping

Answer 50

Organize stimuli into coherent groups

Question 51

Depth perception

Answer 51

Ability to see objects in three dimensions | Judge distance

Question 52

Visual cliff

Answer 52

Test depth perception infants | Reluctant to go out over glass

Question 53

Binocular cues

Answer 53

Retinal disparity Depth cues Use of two eyes

Question 54

Retinal disparity

Answer 54

Depth Brain gets images from both eyes The greater difference between the images the closer the object is.

Question 55

Monocular cues

Answer 55

Depth cues Interposition Linear perspective

Question 56

Phi phenomenon

Answer 56

Illusion of movement | Two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Question 57

Perceptual constancy

Answer 57

Objects perceived as unchanging

Question 58

Color constancy

Answer 58

Familiar objects per levels to have same color

Question 59

Perceptual adaptation

Answer 59

Adjust to artificially displaced or inverted visual field

Question 60

Perceptual set

Answer 60

Mental predisposition to perceived one thing and not another

Question 61

Extrasensory perception

Answer 61

``` Controversial Claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input Telepathy Clairvoyance Precognition ```

Question 62

Parapsychology

Answer 62

Study of paranormal phenomena Esp Psychokinesis

Question 63

Sensation

Answer 63

Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from environment