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AP Psych > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of how physical energy relates to psychological experience

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2
Q

sensation

A

detection of physical energy and encoding it as neural signs

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3
Q

perception

A

interpretation of senses

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4
Q

bottom up processes

A

perception of sensory level to brain

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5
Q

top down processes

A

brain to location of stimulus

from past to present

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6
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

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7
Q

sensitization

A

responding to a weak stimulus due to preparation of strong stimulus

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8
Q

adaptation

A

occurs in which cells threshold goes up

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9
Q

signal detection

A

prediction about how quickly you notice a new stimulus

speed impacted by alertness, importance, expectation

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10
Q

sensitiveness of senses example

A

candle light from 30 miles away on a clear dark night

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11
Q

receptor cells

A

cells designed to respond to one particular form of energy

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12
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum intensity of physical energy required to produce any sensation

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13
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest amount of change that can be detected 50% of the time

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14
Q

webers law

A

thresholds for detecting differences are roughly constant proportion to the size of the original stimulus

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15
Q

subliminal

A

beneath the threshold

back masking does nothing

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16
Q

vision

A

most important human sensory system

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17
Q

cornea

A

transparent protective coating over front of eye

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18
Q

pupil

A

opening of iris where light enters

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19
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye

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20
Q

lens

A

focus on light

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21
Q

vitreous

A

fluid inside eye giving its shape

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22
Q

retina

A

lining on back interior of eyeball
have light sensitive receptor cells
firing of these cells allow light

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23
Q

fovea

A

place where you see most clearly

order: cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous, iris, fovea

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24
Q

*inside retina: rods

A

respond to light

night vision

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25
Q

cones

A

respond to color

found mainly in fovea

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26
Q

bipolar cells

A

specialized neuron with only one dentrite and one axon

rods and cones fire into bipolar cells which then connect to the optic nerve

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27
Q

hue

A

aspect of color that corresponds to the name

28
Q

saturation

A

vividness of hue

29
Q

brightness

A

nearness to white

30
Q

how do we see color?

A

not enough cones for every color
cones combine their messages
results in color through mixing

31
Q

additive color mixing

A

mixing of light adds additional wavelengths

end result: white

32
Q

subtractive mixing

A

colors mixed to form a black/brown color

doesnt reflect back to your eye

33
Q

The Trichromatic Theory

A

Hermann von Helmholtz
3 primary colors form to form any hue
used to be no red but red is primary color

34
Q

the opponent process theory

A

Edward Herring
pairs of color receptors
after image: stimuli of 1/2 of pair causes other receptor to fire easier

35
Q

monchromats

A

people most seriously color blind

36
Q

Dichromats

A

people blind to either red/green or blue/yellow

10% Male 1% Female

37
Q

steps of hearing

A

sound waves enter the outer ear and travel to the ear drum

vibrating ear drum causes the bones of middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup) to hit each other to amplify vibrations

vibrations carried from stirrup to oval window and then to the fluid in cochlea

fluid in cochlea causes movement of basilar membrane, also moving the organ of corti. Organ of corti houses tiny fibers that move causing the receptor cells to fire

movement of the fibers causes firing of cells that have a message carried from Auditory nerve into the brain

38
Q

pitch

A

hertz

higher frequency, higher pitch

39
Q

volume

A

decibles

determined by size of amplitude

40
Q

overtones

A

accompanying sound waves that are different multiples of the frequency of the basic tone

41
Q

timbre

A

quality of sound caused by overtones

cheap vs expensive instrument

42
Q

smell

A

more sensitive then taste
activated by odorant binding protein produced by nasal gland
smell receptors located in olfactory epithelium
neurons in epithelium fire directly at olfactory bulb and then go to amygdala

43
Q

pheromone communication

A

hormones that are carried to another person through smell

sensed by receptors in the vomeronasal organ

44
Q

flavor

A 
combo of taste and smell
# of taste buds decrease as you get older
45
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue that hold taste buds

46
Q

taste

A

assembled in parietal bone and limbic system

psychological

47
Q

kinesthetic senses

A

info about speed and direction of body’s movement in space

48
Q

vestibular senses

A

info about orientation in space

49
Q

vestibular organ

A

inner ear

fluid movement inside semicircular canals sends info about orientation of head

50
Q

vestibular sacs

A

tells you up and down

51
Q

cutaneous senses

A

sensitive to pressure, temp, pain

52
Q

the gate control theory

A

“gate” in the spinal chord controls the transmission of impulses to the brain

53
Q

pain

A

can be managed with a placebo

54
Q

meditation

A

focuses awareness away from the pain or it can close the gate

55
Q

perception

A

top down way or brain organizes and interprets info and puts it into context

56
Q

perceptual set

A

psychological factors that determine how you perceive your environment

57
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

58
Q

depth perception

A

ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although it is 2d

59
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that depend on two eyes

60
Q

monocular cues

A

things that are far away

one eye

61
Q

hubel and wiesels experiment

A

looked at how stimuli is “written” into our brains

identifies cells that respond only to horizontal and vertical lines

62
Q

feature detectors

A

simple cells that react to a specific stimulus

63
Q

complex cells

A

coordinate info drawn from simple cells

64
Q

gestalts psychologists

A

brain looks for patterns to form coherent perceptual experience

65
Q

proximity

A

how close things are to each other

similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness

66
Q

obsener characteristics: motivation and expectation

A

desires and needs shape perception

perceptions about what we are supposed to perceive.

AP Psych (20 decks)

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