Senses III: Taste And Smell (Not On Final)

Question 1

What is anosmia?

Answer 1

A partial or complete loss of the sense of smell (and with it, most of her ability to taste)

Question 2

When sensory cells TRANSLATE chemical, electromagnetic and mechanical stimuli into action potentials that out nervous system can then make sense of, this is called

Answer 2

Transduction

Question 3

Senses of touch, hearing and balance use ____ to detect sound waves and pressure on the skin and in the inner ear

Answer 3

Mechanoreceptors

Question 4

Senses of taste/gustation and smell/olfaction are what type of senses

Answer 4

Chemical senses

Question 5

The taste and smell functions with the help of

Answer 5

Chemoreceptors

Question 6

Where are these chemoreceptors found

Answer 6

Taste buds and nasal passages in order to detect molecules of food and the air around us

Question 7

The sharpest senses right at birth are

Answer 7

Taste and smell

Question 8

What sense is powerful at activating memories, triggering emotions and alerting us to danger

Answer 8

Taste and smell

Question 9

Cases of PTS and depression can be reminded by

Answer 9

Taste and smell

Question 10

Function of nose hairs

Answer 10

To filter out the molecules we smell on the way up to the nasal cavity

Question 11

Few molecules make it up all the way to the back of the nose and hit the _____

Answer 11

Olfactory epithelium

Question 12

What is the olfactory systems main organ

Answer 12

The olfactory epithelium

Question 13

Describe the structure of the olfactory epithelium

Answer 13

A small yellowish patch of tissue on the roof of the nasal cavity.

Question 14

The olfactory epithelium contains millions of

Answer 14

Pin shaped olfactory SENSORY NEURONS

Question 15

What olfactory organ contains insulating columnar supporting cells

Answer 15

Olfactory epithelium

Question 16

Any airborne molecules that end up on the olfactory epithelium will dissolve in the

Answer 16

Mucus that coats the olfactory epithelium

Question 17

Vision functions with the help of

Answer 17

Photoreceptors (cells that detect light waves)

Question 18

Once in the mucus the molecules bind to the receptors on ur olfactory _____ ____ which again makes up the ______

Answer 18

Sensory neurons, olfactory epithelium

Question 19

Assuming they hit their necessary threshold what do the sensory neurons do next

Answer 19

They fire/send action potentials up their long axons and through the ethmoid bone into the olfactory bulb in the brain

Question 20

What is right above the ethmoid bulb

Answer 20

The olfactory bulb in the brain

Question 21

Each olfactory neutron has receptors for just ___ kind of smell

Answer 21

One

Question 22

The more flavours a food has the more chemicals meaning the more

Answer 22

Receptors will be reached for the different chemicals

Question 23

Once in the brain (the olfactory bulb) the signal converges with other cells in a structure called the

Answer 23

Glomerulus

Question 24

What is a glomerulus/ what does it do

Answer 24

A tangle of fibres that serves as a transfer station (nose info turns into brain info)

Question 25

The olfactory axon’s signal converges with the dendrites of other nerve cells in the glomerulus called the

Answer 25

Mitral cell

Question 26

The mitral cells function is to

Answer 26

Take the signal to the brain

Question 27

Therefore, each mitral cell can have any number (a bunch, a little) of olfactory sensory neutron axons synapsing with it, each axon representing

Answer 27

A single volatile chemical

Question 28

Answer 28

The bottoms colourful things are the different sensory neutrons the top circle is the mitral cell and if you look closer you can see the dendrites the axons synapse with
(Multiple olfactory sensory neutron cells to 1 mitral cell with multiple dendrites)

Question 29

The estimated 40000 different olfactory neurons help us differentiate how many different smells

Answer 29

About 10,000

Question 30

Where in the brain does the mitral cell send the signals it’s receiving from the sensory neurons

Answer 30

The olfactory tract

Question 31

Olfactory tract sends signal to the

Answer 31

Olfactory cortex

Question 32

The smell in the brain then hits two different avenues/parts of the brain which are

Answer 32

The frontal lobe (consciously identifies smells)
The limbic system: hypothalamus, amyglada, hippocampus… (motivational, emotional aspects of smell as well as odour associated with memory)

Question 33

What does the frontal lobe/cortex do in the sense of smell?

Answer 33

Consciously identifies the smell

Question 34

The limbic system is the

Answer 34

Emotional ground control (fast and quick at triggering memories from that smell and at activating ur sympathetic systems fight or flight response when the smell is associated with danger (burning).

Question 35

Why is not being able to smell depressing and make you anxious?

Answer 35

Anxious: you can’t sense danger from smells.
Depressing:
Memories aren’t triggered anymore
Serotonin isn’t released when you smell food (normally is)

Question 36

Taste is ___ smell

Answer 36

80%

Question 37

How is taste related to smell

Answer 37

As one chews his/her food, air is forced up your nasal passages, so the olfactory receptor cells are registering information at the same time as the taste receptors are, so people experience both smelling and tasting simultaneously.

Question 38

If you hold you nose will u taste nothing

Answer 38

No but you wont be able to differentiate types of sweetness (caramel and sugar), sourness (lime or lemon) ur just weakens ur taste but we are taste receptors are still there

Question 39

When you take a bite all the sensory info (flavours (chemicals) in that one food are quickly sorted by the ten thousand or so

Answer 39

Taste buds

Question 40

Taste buds cover the

Answer 40

Tongue
Mouth
Upper throat

Question 41

All tastes register in all parts of the tongue tru or false

Answer 41

True, the flavours u can taste are not dependent on a specific location on the tongue.

Question 42

The taste buds are actually tucked into tiny pockets hidden behind the

Answer 42

stratified squamous epithelial cells on the tongue

Question 43

There are 50 to 100 taste receptor epithelial cells

Answer 43

On each taste bud which resisted and respond to different molecules in the food.

Question 44

They are specialized epithelial cells not nervous tissue meaning

Answer 44

They go through the whole synapse sensory neutron information carrying process about the type and amount of taste back to the brain

Question 45

The two types of specialized epithelial sells are

Answer 45

Gustatory and basal cells

Question 46

In order to taste any food, those food chemicals, or tastants, must dissolve in ____ so they can diffuse through those ______ ____ and bind to receptors on those _____ cells, and then trigger an ____ potential.

Answer 46

Saliva
Taste pores
Gustatory
Action

Question 47

Explain: each taste is sensed differently.

Answer 47

Salty things- full of positively charged sodium ions that cause sodium channels in gustatory cells to open which generate a graded potential and spark an action potential

Sour things are acidic and high in hydrogen ions and take a different role

Basically just understand that different tastes react action potential in different ways

Question 48

So taste, like all our senses, is all about how

Answer 48

action potentials get triggered.

Question 49

Once an action potential is activated, that taste message is relayed through neurons via the

Answer 49

7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves

Question 50

Those cranial nerves take the taste message to the taste area of the

Answer 50

Cerebral cortex

Question 51

at which point does the brain makes sense of it all, and begin releasing digestive enzymes in the saliva and gastric juices in the stomach to help the breakdown of that food.

Answer 51

Once the taste message reaches the cerebral cortex

Question 52

The gustory complex is a part of the

Answer 52

Sensory cortex (responsible for taste)