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Bio 151 > sensory systems > Flashcards

sensory systems Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

sensory receptor

A

special proteins in sensory cells embedded in sensory organs

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2
Q

sensory transduction

A

something in the environment is the signal (chemo, mechano, photo)

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3
Q

chemoreceptors

A

a molecule in the environment we can bind to which signals to ion channels to open

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4
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

membrane bound protein with cuticle (shield) that detects pressure and changes shape so ion channels open up

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5
Q

photoreceptors

A

protein membrane bound is able to detect light which sends signal to brain, closes ion channels and hypoerpolarizes the cells in the eyes

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6
Q

electroreceptors

A

detects changes in charges, common in fish

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7
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

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8
Q

nociceptor

A

detects pain

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9
Q

lateral inhibition

A

enhances edge and border detection by reducing excitation of adjacent interneurons

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10
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

G proteins have extracellular receptor, causes conformational change, has units that move intracellularly when G protein becomes phosphorylates (cascade of effects)

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11
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a collection of olfactory nerves

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12
Q

olfactory sensory neuron

A

connects directly with stimuli, no sensory cell

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13
Q

chemo-sensitive hair

A

odorants bind to these and detect a sense of smell

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14
Q

taste bud

A

made up of taste sensory cells and has microvillli coming off of it to detect taste

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15
Q

5 basic flavors

A

sweet, bitter, savory, salty, sour (acidity)

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16
Q

how does sweet send signals

A

GPCR

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17
Q

how does bitter send signals

A

GPCR

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18
Q

how does savory send signals

A

GPCR

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19
Q

how does salty send signals

A

Na+ depolarize cell opening voltage gated Ca2+ channels (sodium from food can depolarize)

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20
Q

how does sour send signals

A

depolarize via H+ ion channels and inhibits K+ channels

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21
Q

transformation of force through the ear

A

air wave –> mechanical force –> liquid force

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22
Q

pinna

A

outer ear

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23
Q

tympanic membrane

A

ear drum

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24
Q

bones in the middle ear (in order)

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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25
oval window
space between middle ear and cochlea/semicircular canals
26
vestibular system
senses motion and gravity, includes the ear
27
process of hearing
1. amplification from pinna to eardrum to malleus, 2. 3 bones hit oval window and convert sound vibrations to mechanical and then fluid waves, 3. mechanoreception by hair cells in organ corti, 4. sends signals to brain of sounds
28
stereocilia
hair like cells in the inner ear
29
statocyst
group of sensory cells in shrimp
30
stalolith
structure in statocyst which allows organisms to detect motion and gravity (in shrimp)
31
tectorial membrane
membrane where hair cells are disturbed from fluid waves
32
basilar membrane
where hair cells are located on, initially at rest, pushes up into tectorial membrane and bends stereocilia
33
organ of corti
where hair cells are
34
how do hair cells depolarize?
pushing against the tectorial membrane from the fluid wave causes K+ to rush into the cell, and the downward motion of the basilar membrane resets the hair cell and they repolarize
35
cornea
transparent shield over the eye
36
iris
surrounds the opening where light is focused through the lens
37
fovea
lots of cones and connected to optic nerve in back of eye
38
optic nerve signaling
phototransduction to the brain
39
pupil
hole
40
lens
reads light and sends it to fovea
41
ciliary muscle
contract and relax to adjust lens, contract to focus close (lens is rounder), relax for focusing far (flatten lens)
42
rods
peripheral vision and dark/light, surround fovia, slow
43
cones
color, fovea, fast
44
sensory cell (discs)
contain either conopsin or rhodopsin
45
what happens when discs are activated
when light hits them, retinal is activated (goes from trans to cis) which leads to activation of G protein, activated G protein activates PDE, PDE hydrolyzes cGMP reducing its concentration (increasing G protein), closes Na+ channel and hyperpolarizes cell
46
how do the Na+ ion channels close in the eye
cGMP was bound to the ion channels keeping them open but then it is turned into GMP which closes the channels
47
on bipolar cells
the first cell the signal is sent to, on bipolar cells do the opposite (if there is a signal they will not send it, if there is not they will send it)
48
off bipolar cells
the first cell the signal is sent to, off bipolar cells do what they are signaled to do
49
ganglion cells
also have on and off versions, same as bipolar
50
horizontal cells
connect rods and cones and sharpen vision (cause lateral inhibition)
51
amacrine cells
connect bipolar cells and adjust for motion and brightness
52
forebrain
cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus
53
midbrain
midbrain is part of brain stem
54
hindbrain
pons and medulla, cerebellum
55
cerebellum
integrates motor and sensory information which allows for complex motor tasks
56
medulla oblongata
center for respiration and circulation
57
pons
neural pathway from cortex to the medulla and cerebellum
58
cerebrum
cerebral cortex
59
thalamus
relay center
60
hypothalamus
links nervous system and endocrine system via the pituitary gland
61
function of the folds in the cerebral cortex
increases the surface area and therefore the number of neurons and increased cognitive ability
62
grey matter
soma/dendrites
63
white matter
myelin sheath
64
frontal lobe
decision making, taste, and smell; contains olfactory and gustatory cortices and primary motor cortex
65
parietal lobe
body/spatial awareness; contains primary somatosensory cortex
66
occipital lobe
processes visual information; contains visual cortex
67
temporal lobe
process sound and speech; contains auditory complex
68
limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus; behavior, instincts, emotions, and motivation; long term memory formation
69
ventral termental area (VTA)
amygdala, N. accumbens, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex; sends dopamine to all of these places and diff stimuli can activate this pathway dif amounts
70
cognition
ability to be cognizant and self aware, being able to understand the world around you
71
synaptic plasticity
a synapse is not static and can be strengthened or weakened
72
ways to strengthen synapses
increase ligand gated ion channels, grow new dendrites, expand current dendrites
73
long term potentiation
a way of strengthening connections, creates long term memories
74
electroencophalogram (EEG)
monitors electricity in brain and different wavelengths associated with different sleep stages

Bio 151 (26 decks)

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