Session 2: Immune system changes in older adults

Question 1

Polycythemia Vera

Question 2

Aplastic Anemia

Question 3

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Question 4

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Question 5

Pernicious Anemia (Vitamin B12 Deficiency)

Question 6

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 7

Thrombocytopenia

Question 8

Hemophilia

Question 9

Thyroid Gland Function with Aging

Question 10

Hypothyroidism

Question 11

Hyperthyroidism

Question 12

Type 1 Diabetes

Question 13

Type 2 Diabetes

Question 14

risk factors of diabetes

Question 15

Complications of diabetes

Question 16

Treatment Goals of diabetes

Question 17

Management of diabetes

Question 18

Cultural & Holistic Considerations of indigenous decent

Question 19

1. What age-related change in the lungs increases the risk of pneumonia in older adults?
   a) Decreased tidal volume
   b) Loss of alveolar surface area
   c) Reduced number of cilia
   d) Increased mucus production

Answer 19

c) Reduced number of cilia

Question 20

2. Why might older adults not present with fever during infections?
   → Short Answer:

Answer 20

Older adults may not develop fever due to a decreased immune response and blunted thermoregulation.

Question 21

3. What vaccines are strongly recommended for adults 65+ to prevent infection?
   a) MMR and hepatitis B
   b) Shingles and rabies
   c) Influenza and pneumococcal
   d) Tdap and polio

Answer 21

c) Influenza and pneumococcal

Question 22

4. What is a hallmark symptom of polycythemia vera?
   a) Pallor
   b) Ruddy complexion
   c) Joint pain
   d) Petechiae

Answer 22

b) Ruddy complexion

Question 23

5. Which anemia involves bone marrow failure and pancytopenia?
   a) Iron deficiency anemia
   b) Aplastic anemia
   c) Hemolytic anemia
   d) Pernicious anemia

Answer 23

b) Aplastic anemia

Question 24

6. What lab test is typically positive in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
   → Short Answer:

Answer 24

Positive Coombs test

Question 25

7. Which symptoms are most common in iron deficiency anemia? a) Jaundice and fever b) fatigue and pallor c) Rash and night sweats d) Numbness and tremors

Answer 25

b) fatigue and pallor

Question 26

8. Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of which vitamin? a) Vitamin D b) Vitamin B6 c) Vitamin B12 d) Folic acid

Answer 26

c) Vitamin B12

Question 27

9. What is the most serious potential complication of sickle cell anemia? a) Kidney stones b) Tissue hypoxia and pain crises c) Bruising d) Hypercalcemia

Answer 27

b) Tissue hypoxia and pain crises

Question 28

10. What is the main treatment used during a sickle cell crisis? → Short Answer:

Answer 28

IV fluids, pain medications, oxygen therapy, and possibly blood transfusions

Question 29

11. Which endocrine disorder increases in older women and is associated with fatigue, bradycardia, and dry skin? a) Hyperthyroidism b) Adrenal insufficiency c) Hypothyroidism d) Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 29

c) Hypothyroidism

Question 30

12. In hyperthyroidism, TSH is usually ______ and T4 is ______. a) Normal; low b) High; low c) Low; high d) High; normal

Answer 30

c) Low; high

Question 31

13. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism? a) Lethargy b) Bradycardia c) Weight loss d) Constipation

Answer 31

c) Weight loss

Question 32

14. What is the life-threatening complication of untreated severe hypothyroidism? → Short Answer:

Answer 32

Myxedema coma

Question 33

15. What is the target HbA1c level for older adults with diabetes, according to the CDA? a) Below 6% b) At or below 7% c) Below 8.5% d) Below 5.5%

Answer 33

At or below 7%