session 4 musculoskeletal system the bodys framework

Question 1

Musculoskeletal System Age-Related Changes

Answer 1

Muscle mass shrinks (like a deflating balloon), leading to weakness and fatigue.
Bones become brittle as if the steel beams in the house are rusting — this makes them more likely to fracture.
Cartilage wears down like the rubber on an old tire, causing stiffness and pain.
Joint fluid decreases, similar to how a door squeaks when the hinges dry out.

Question 2

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Question 3

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Question 4

Osteoporosis

Question 5

Gout

Question 6

Amputation

Question 7

Fall Risk Assessments

Question 8

Prevention of falls in older adults

Question 9

Facts of falls in older adults

Question 10

Xerosis

Question 11

Pruritus

Question 12

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

Question 13

Keratoses

Question 14

Skin Cancer

Question 15

Basal Cell

Question 16

Squamous Cell:

Question 17

Melanoma

Question 18

ABCDE rule

Question 19

Risk Areas of pressure ulcers

Question 20

Stages (1 to 4) of pressure ulcers

Question 21

Prevention of pressure ulcers

Question 22

Common Foot Problems

Question 23

1. What is the most common type of arthritis in older adults?
   a) Rheumatoid arthritis
   b) Osteoarthritis
   c) Gout
   d) Lupus

Answer 23

b) Osteoarthritis

Question 24

2. What are two common signs of osteoarthritis in the hands?
   → Short Answer

Answer 24

Heberden’s nodes and Bouchard’s nodes

Question 25

3. Which condition is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects joints symmetrically? a) Osteoarthritis b) Rheumatoid arthritis c) Gout d) Bursitis

Answer 25

b) Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 26

4. In rheumatoid arthritis, what causes cartilage and bone destruction? → Short Answer:

Answer 26

Pannus formation from thickened synovium breaks down cartilage and bone

Question 27

5. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis? a) Physical inactivity b) Adequate calcium intake c) Estrogen deficiency d) Long-term steroid use

Answer 27

b) Adequate calcium intake

Question 28

6. What spinal deformity is often seen in patients with advanced osteoporosis? → Short Answer:

Answer 28

Kyphosis

Question 29

7. Which joint is most commonly affected in acute gout attacks? a) Knee b) Shoulder c) Big toe d) Hip

Answer 29

c) Big toe

Question 30

8. Name two modifiable lifestyle factors that increase risk of gout. → Short Answer:

Answer 30

Excess alcohol consumption and high-purine diet (e.g., red meat, seafood)

Question 31

9. What is the main goal of a prosthesis following amputation? a) Reduce nerve pain b) Improve circulation c) Restore function and mobility d) Control infection

Answer 31

c) Restore function and mobility

Question 32

10. Which tool is commonly used to assess fall risk in hospitalized older adults? a) ABC scale b) Morse Fall Scale c) Braden Scale d) Katz Index

Answer 32

b) Morse Fall Scale

Question 33

11. What is xerosis? → Short Answer:

Answer 33

Dry, cracked, itchy skin (often on extremities); common in elderly

Question 34

12. Which of the following can aggravate pruritus (itching)? a) Moisturizers b) Cold temperatures c) Anxiety and stress d) Vitamin B12

Answer 34

c) Anxiety and stress

Question 35

13. Herpes zoster (shingles) is caused by reactivation of which virus? a) Epstein-Barr b) Varicella-zoster c) Herpes simplex 1 d) Influenza

Answer 35

b) Varicella-zoster

Question 36

14. What is a common dermatological clue that an older adult may have herpes zoster? → Short Answer:

Answer 36

Painful rash along a nerve pathway (dermatome)

Question 37

15. Which type of keratosis is considered a premalignant lesion? a) Actinic b) Seborrheic c) Squamous d) Epidermal

Answer 37

a) Actinic

Question 38

16. What is the most serious form of skin cancer with high metastatic potential? a) Basal cell carcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Melanoma d) Seborrheic keratosis

Answer 38

c) Melanoma

Question 39

17. What does “ABCDE” stand for in skin cancer screening? → Short Answer:

Answer 39

Asymmetry Border irregularity Color variation Diameter >6mm Evolution (change over time)

Question 40

18. What stage of pressure ulcer includes full-thickness skin loss and exposed muscle or bone? a) Stage I b) Stage II c) Stage III d) Stage IV

Answer 40

d) Stage IV

Question 41

19. Name two common locations for pressure ulcers. → Short Answer:

Answer 41

19. Sacrum and heels (also acceptable: trochanters, elbows)

Question 42

20. Which scale is commonly used to assess pressure ulcer risk? a) Glasgow Coma Scale b) Norton Scale c) Braden Scale d) Mini Mental State Exam

Answer 42

c) Braden Scale