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Semester 2-MSK > Session 4-Bones And Joints > Flashcards

Session 4-Bones And Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton? (5)

A

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral and growth factor storage
5) Haematopoesis

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2
Q

Bone is the primary site of storage for which growth factor?

A

Insulin-like growth factor

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3
Q

True or false: long bone is primarily compact bone but may have spongy bone at extremities

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What is the articular cartilage of long bone covered in?

A

Hyaline

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5
Q

Why is the medullary cavity of long bone red in children?

A

Haematopoesis is occurring

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6
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Femur

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7
Q

How do muscles act on long bone?

A

As rigid levers

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8
Q

Give an example of sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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9
Q

What are sesamoid bones embedded within?

A

Tendon or muscle

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10
Q

Give examples of short bones

A

Carpal and tarsal bones

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11
Q

What do short, flat and sesamoid bones consist of?

A

Spongy bone in between thin layer of compact bone

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12
Q

True or false: short, flat and sesamoid bones contain bone marrow between the trabeculae of compact bone

A

FALSE - between spongy bone

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13
Q

How does the nutrient artery enter the diaphysis of bone?

A

Via nutrient foramen

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14
Q

What do periosteal arteries supply?

A

Periosteum and outer third of cortex

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15
Q

Where do metaphyseal arteries enter the metaphysis?

A

At site of attachment of capsule

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16
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Death of bone due to interruption of blood supply

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17
Q

What are the other names for avascular necrosis?

A

Osteonecrosis
Aseptic necrosis
Ischaemic necrosis

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18
Q

What are the causes of avascular necrosis? (5)

A 
Fracture 
Dislocation 
Steroid use
Radiation
Decompression sickness
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19
Q

What can avascular necrosis lead to?

A

Collapse of necrotic segment and secondary osteoarthritis

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20
Q

What is a joint?

A

Articulation between two or more bones

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21
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial

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22
Q

Where can fibrous joints be found?

A

Sutures of skull
Inferior tibiofibular joint
Radioulnar interosseus membrane
Joint between roots of teeth and bone of mandible/maxilla

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23
Q

What is a primary cartilaginous joint and give examples?

A

United by hyaline cartilage

1st sternocostal joint
Xiphisternal joint
Epiphyseal growth plates of long bones

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24
Q

What is a secondary cartilaginous joint and give examples?

A

Articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage with pad of fibrocartilage between them

Symphysis pubis
Intervertebral disc
Manubriosternal joint

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25
What is contained within the joint cavity of a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid
26
What are the characteristics of synovial joints? (4)
1) articular cartilage 2) fibrous capsule 3) synovial membrane 4) synovial fluid
27
What is the typical articular cartilage type in synovial joints? What are the exceptions?
Hyaline cartilage Acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints are atypical synovial joints covered in fibrocartilage
28
How does hyaline cartilage resist compression?
By acting as a shock absorber
29
What is the fibrous capsule of synovial joints made of?
Collagen, which completely encloses the joint except where it is interrupted by synovial protrusions
30
How does the fibrous capsule of synovial joints stabilise the joint?
Permits movement but resists dislocation
31
True or false: synovial membrane does not cover articular cartilage or intra-articular discs/menisci
TRUE
32
What is a bursa?
Sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. It is a cushion between bones and tendons or muscles around a joint-it reduces friction and allows free movement
33
What is a tendon sheath?
Elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon which reduces friction
34
Describe synovial fluid
Clear or pale yellow Viscous Slightly alkaline at rest
35
What is synovial fluid composed of?
Hyaluronic acid Lubricin Proteinase Collagenase
36
What are the functions of synovial fluid? (3)
1) Reduces friction 2) Shock absorption 3) Nutrient and waste transportation
37
True or false: articular cartilage of synovial joints is avascular
TRUE
38
True or false: synovial membrane has rich blood supply
TRUE
39
What is Hilton's law?
Nerves supplying joint capsule also supply muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
40
What are the six types of synovial joint?
1) planar joint 2) hinge joint 3) ball and socket joint 4) condyloid joint 5) saddle joint 6) pivot joint
41
Give examples of a planar joint
Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Intercarpal joints
42
What is the range of motion of a planar joint?
Non-axial, gliding and sliding movements
43
Give examples of a hinge joint
Knee Ankle Humeroulnar joint of elbow
44
What is the range of movement of a hinge joint?
Uniaxial/monaxial
45
What is the shape of a hinge joint?
Pulley-shaped: convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another
46
Give examples of a pivot joint
Proximal radioulnar joint | Atlantoaxial joint
47
What is the range of motion of a pivot joint?
Uniaxial/monaxial joint
48
What is the shape of a pivot joint?
Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within ring formed by concavity of another bone and fibrous ligament
49
What is another name for a condyloid joint?
Ellipsoidal
50
Give examples of a condyloid joint
Metacarpophalangeal joints Radiocarpal joint Atlanto-occipital joint
51
What type of joint is a condyloid joint?
Biaxial joint
52
Which movements can a condyloid joint allow?
``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction ```
53
What type of joint is a saddle joint?
Biaxial joint
54
Give an example of a saddle joint
1st carpometacarpal joint
55
Which movements does a saddle joint allow?
``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction ```
56
What type of joint is a ball and socket joint?
Multiaxial/polyaxial
57
Which movements does a ball and socket joint allow?
``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation ```
58
Give examples of a ball and socket joint
Hip Shoulder Incudostapedial joint (middle ear)
59
Which factors affect the stability and range of motion at synovial joints? (6)
1) structure/shape of articulating bones 2) strength and tension of joint ligaments 3) arrangement and tone of muscles 4) apposition of neighbouring soft tissues 5) hormones 6) use/disuse
60
True or false: the greater the range of movement, the more stable the joint is
FALSE - less stable
61
What is the theory behind joint cracking? (6)
1) bones pulled away from each other 2) synovial cavity expands 3) synovial flood volume stays constant 4) partial vacuum produced 5) gases dissolved in synovial fluid are pulled out of solution 6) makes popping sound
62
What is the effect of ageing on joints? (3)
1) decreased production of synovial fluid 2) thinning of articular cartilage 3) shortening of ligaments and decreased flexibility
63
What are the symptoms of arthritis?
Pain Swelling Stiffness
64
What are the signs of arthritis?
``` Redness Swelling Deformity Tenderness Reduced range of movement (ROM) Abnormal gait ```
65
What happens in rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoantibodies attack the synovium -> synovial inflammation
66
Which joints are most commonly affected in rheumatoid arthritis?
MCP and PIP joints of hands Cervical spine Feet
67
Which other organs are damaged by rheumatoid arthritis?
``` Eyes Skin Lungs Heart and blood vessels Kidneys ```
68
What is the peak age of rheumatoid arthritis?
40-50 years
69
What are the x-ray features of rheumatoid arthritis? (4)
1) narrowing of joint space 2) periarticular osteopenia (loss of bone substance adjacent to joint) 3) juxta-articular bony erosions 4) subluxation (partial dislocation) and gross deformity

Semester 2-MSK (23 decks)

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