SHEL Model 06

Question 1

What is the aim of the ATC system?

Answer 1

To achieve and safe and orderly flow and expeditious flow of air traffic system

Question 2

List the other objectives of the ATC System:

Answer 2

• Fuel conservation
• Noise abatement
• Min Environment Disturbance
• Cost effectiveness
• Impartially towards all users
• Granting if users requests

Question 3

What does SHEL stand for?

Answer 3

S oftware (procedures)
H ardware (machine)
E nvironment 
L iveware (human)

Question 4

SHEL model as modified by?

Answer 4

Hawkins

Question 5

Any mismatch of blocks can be a source of human error

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Liveware is the centre of the model and is a person. The remaining components must be adapted and matched to the central component

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Liveware to hardware tend to be masked by deficiency of human factors

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is an example of a liveware to software

Answer 8

Difference in altimeter setting procedures.

Question 9

What is an aspect of liveware to liveware

Answer 9

Every aspect of co-ordination and comms

Question 10

For liveware remember

6 things

Answer 10

Physical size and shape

Physical needs

Input characteristics

Information processing

Output characteristics

Environmental tolerances

Question 11

What are the human factors consideration in ATC?

Answer 11

Match specifications and design of system with human capabilities and limitations

Active process implying changes

Question 12

What is the reason for application of human factors in ATC:

Answer 12

Improves safety and prevents accidents

Understanding of design and function of ATC system

Question 13

Human factors developments in ATC

Answer 13

Growth of air traffic

Peaks of ATC

Future demands expected to exceed capabilities of ATC systems - therefore must evolve or replaced.

Question 14

Alternative solutions are:

Answer 14

Provision of better data/controller

Replacement of manual functions by automated versions

Automated data handling & presentation

Automated assistance for cognitive human tasks

Flexible use of airspace

Change from short term/tactical Interventions

Question 15

Liveware (people)are subject to considerable variations in performance and suffer limitations.
True or False?

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

Provide example of liveware to hardware.

Answer 16

The chairs or headsets to be used.

Question 17

The user may never be aware of a liveware to hardware deficiency because?

Answer 17

The natural human characteristic of adapting to mismatches hides deficiencies. But won’t remove its existence.

Question 18

Provide an example of liveware to software

Answer 18

Procedures such as altimeter procedures

Question 19

Provide example of liveware to environment

Answer 19

Position of Tower, windows.

Question 20

Provide examples of liveware to liveware

Answer 20

Every aspect of co-ordination and communication.

Question 21

What are the developments in ATC?

Answer 21

• Growth of air traffic
• Peaks of air traffic
• Future demands expected to exceed ATC system capabilities

Question 22

What are alternative solutions to help with development of ATC?

Answer 22

• Provision if better data control
• Replacement if manual functions by automated versions
• Automated assistance for cognitive human tasks.
• Flexible use of airspace
• Change from short term, tactical interventions to strategic pre-planning.

Question 23

Each of interfaces in SHEL has potential for error if mismatched and is the
reason for application of human factors in ATC. True or False?

Answer 23

True