Short answer Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the right ventricle?
A
Bulbis cordis
2
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the left ventricle?
A
Primitive ventricle
3
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the right auricle?
A
Primitive atrium
4
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the right atrium?
A
Sinus venosus
5
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the pulmonary artery?
A
Truncus arteriosus
6
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the central nervous system?
A
Ectoderm
7
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the peripheral nervous system?
A
Ectoderm
8
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of lung epithelium?
A
Endoderm
9
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of peritoneal membrane?
A
Lateral plate mesoderm
10
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of a Schwann cell?
A
Neural crest
11
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of limb muscles?
A
Paraxial mesoderm
12
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the epidermis?
A
Ectoderm
13
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the colon epithelium?
A
Endoderm
14
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the epithelial lining of sebaceous glands?
A
Ectoderm
15
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the ureters?
A
Intermediate mesoderm
16
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of skin melanocytes?
A
Neural crest
17
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the nucleus pulposus?
A
Notochord
18
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the arrector pili muscle?
A
Ectoderm
19
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the trigone of the bladder?
A
Intermediate mesoderm
20
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the tibia?
A
Lateral plate mesoderm
21
Q
What is the embryonic precursor of the coronary sinus?
A
Sinus venosus
22
Q
What does sclerotome form?
A
Bone
23
Q
What does myotome form?
A
Muscle
24
Q
What does dermatome form?
A
Dermis
25
What sort of joint is the hip joint?
Enarthrosis (ball and socket)
26
What sort of joint is the skull suture joint?
Synostosis
27
What sort of joint is a growth plate?
Synchondrosis
28
What sort of joint is a mandibular joint?
Symphysis
29
What sort of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
Syndesmosis
30
What bone redirects the pull of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Accessory carpal
31
What bovine metacarpal is vestigal?
MC V
32
What bone redirects the pull of interosseus?
Proximal sesamoids
33
What nerve innervates interosseus?
Ulnar
34
What nerve innervates brachialis?
Musculocutaneous
35
What nerve innervates flexor carpi radialis?
Median
36
What nerve innervates acromiodeltoideus?
Axillary
37
What nerve innervates ulnaris lateralis?
Radial
38
What nerve innervates gastrocnemius?
Tibial
39
What nerve innervates gracilis?
Obturator
40
What nerve innervates long digital extensor?
Fibular (peroneal)
41
What nerve innervates rectus femoris?
Femoral
42
What nerve innervates semitendinosus?
Sciatic trunk, proximal to bifurcation
43
What nerve innervates cremaster?
Genitofemoral
44
What nerve innervates biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous
45
What nerve innervates teres major?
Axillary
46
What nerve innervates triceps?
Radial
47
What is the autonomic innervation to the caudal thoracic oesophagus?
Dorsal + ventral vagi
48
What is the autonomic innervation to the cranial thoracic oesophagus?
Left + right vagi
49
What is the autonomic innervation to the descending colon?
Pelvic plexus
50
What is the autonomic innervation to the greater curvature of the stomach?
Dorsal vagus
51
What is the autonomic innervation to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Ventral vagus
52
What is the autonomic innervation to the liver?
Ventral vagus
53
What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal
54
What nerve innervates spinodeltoideus?
Axillary
55
What nerve innervates shoulder flexors?
Axillary
56
What nerve innervates supraspinatus?
Suprascapular
57
What nerve innervates infraspinatus?
Suprascapular
58
What nerve innervates subscapularis?
Subscapular
59
What nerve innervates elbow extensors?
Radial
60
What nerve innervates elbow flexors?
Musculocutaneous
61
What nerve innervates extensor carpi radialis?
Radial
62
What nerve innervates superficial gluteal?
Caudal gluteal
63
What nerve innervates coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous
64
What nerve innervates teres minor?
Axillary
65
What nerve innervates carpus extensors?
Radial
66
What nerve innervates forelimb digit extensors?
Radial
67
What nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar
68
What nerve innervates deep digital flexor ulnar head?
Ulnar
69
What nerve innervates manus muscles?
Ulnar
70
What nerve innervates most carpal flexors?
Median
71
What nerve innervates most digit flexors?
Median
72
What artery supplies the forelimb flexors?
Ulnar
73
What artery supplies the forelimb extensors?
Cranial interosseus
74
What artery supplies the manus?
Caudal interosseus
75
What nerve innervates middle gluteal?
Cranial gluteal
76
What nerve innervates deep gluteal?
Cranial gluteal
77
What nerve innervates gemelli?
Obturator
78
What nerve innervates the hamstrings?
Tibial sciatic
79
What nerve innervates hip flexors?
Femoral
80
What nerve innervates stifle extensors?
Femoral
81
What nerve innervates hip adductors?
Obturator
82
What nerve innervates pectineus?
Obturator
83
What nerve innervates adductor?
Obturator
84
What nerve innervates hindlimb digit flexors?
Tibial
85
What nerve innervates the hock extensor?
Tibial
86
What nerve innervates interosseus in the hindlimb?
Tibial
87
What nerve innervates hindlimb digit extensors?
Fibular (peroneal)
88
What nerve innervates hock flexors?
Fibular (peroneal)
89
What is the embryonic precursor of the coronary sinus?
Sinus venosus
90
What is the embryonic precursor of adrenal medulla?
Neural crest
91
What is the embryonic precursor of the gall bladder epithelium?
Endoderm
92
What is the embryonic precursor of eccrine glands?
Ectoderm
93
What sort of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
Pivot/trochoid
94
What sort of joint is the inter-carpal joint?
Planar
95
What sort of joint is the proximal interpharangeal joint?
Sellar/saddle
96
What sort of joint is the talocrural joint?
Hinge (diarthrosis)
97
What is ginglymus?
Hinge joint
98
What vertebrae are fused to other vertebrae?
Sacral
99
What vertebra has a large ventral laminae?
C6
100
What vertebrae have long spinous processes?
Thoracic
101
What vertebra has no centrum or spinous process?
C1
102
What is C1?
Atlas
103
What is C2?
Axis
104
What are the heart strings?
Chorda tendinea
105
What is the lung lobation of carnivores?
Left 3
Right 4
106
What is the lung lobation of pigs?
Left 3
Right 4
107
What is the lung lobation of an ox?
Left 3
Right 5
108
What is the lung lobation of sheep?
Left 3
Right 5
109
What is the lung lobation of horses?
Left 2
Right 3
110
Do carnivores have lobulated lungs?
No
111
Do pigs have lobulated lungs?
Yes
112
Do cows have lobulated lungs?
Yes
113
Do sheep have lobulated lungs?
No
114
Do horses have lobulated lungs?
No
115
Do carnivores have a tracheal bronchus?
No
116
Do pigs have a tracheal bronchus?
Yes
117
Do cows have a tracheal bronchus?
Yes
118
Do sheep have a tracheal bronchus?
Yes
119
Do horses have a tracheal bronchus?
No
120
What species have a tracheal bronchus?
Pig
Ox
Sheep
121
What species have lobulated lungs?
Pig
Ox
122
What recess does the basal border of the lung move into?
Costodiaphragmatic recess
123
What recess does the ventral border of the lung move into?
Costomediastinal recess
124
What are the visceral surface impressions of the canine liver?
Stomach
Duodenum
Right kidney
125
What are the visceral surface impressions of the pig liver?
Stomach
Duodenum
126
What are the visceral surface impressions of the ox liver?
Omasum
Reticulum
Right kidney
127
What are the visceral surface impressions of the equine liver?
Stomach
Apex of caecum
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right dorsal colon
Right kidney
128
Which species has a scalloped quadrate lobe?
Horse
129
Which species has a lobulated liver?
Pig
130
Which species doesn't have a divided left liver lobe?
Ruminant
131
Which species doesn't have a gall bladder?
Horse
132
Which species have a divided right liver lobe?
Pig
Dog
133
Which species don't have a divided right liver lobe?
Horse
Ruminant
134
What part of the liver cups the right kidney (except in the pig)?
Caudate process
135
Which species' livers have a papillary process?
Dog
Ruminant
136
Which species has capsular veins in their kidneys?
Cat
137
Which species have lobulated kidneys?
Ox
138
What is the order the kidneys develop in?
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
139
What is the embryological origin of kidney cortex?
Intermediate mesoderm
140
What is the embryological origin of kidney medulla?
Neural crest
141
What is the embryological origin of the thymus?
Endoderm
142
What is the embryological origin of the parathyroid?
Endoderm
143
What is the embryological origin of blood?
Lateral plate mesoderm
144
What organises the rostral/caudal body axis during gastrualation?
Primitive node
145
Where does the notochord form?
Along the axis of the primitive groove
146
How many vertebrae does each somite contribute to?
2
147
What prevents PiPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?
Palmar ligament
Radial check ligament to superficial digital flexor tendon
148
What prevents MCPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?
Suspensory ligament
149
What prevents DiPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?
Carpal check ligament to deep digital flexor tendon
150
What is lacertus fibrosus?
Part of the equine stay apparatus- internal tendon running through biceps and extensor carpi radialis from scapula to cannon bone that prevents shoulder flexion when the elbow and carpus are locked
151
What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the forelimb?
Trunk slung from relatively fibrous serratus ventralis
Lacertus fibrosus
Biceps tendon of origin sticks in bicipital groove
Carpal bones lock in straight line
Elbow snap joints aided by fibrous old pronators
Palmar ligament
Radial check ligament
Carpal check ligament
Suspensory ligament
152
What is peroneus tertius?
Fibrous band from femur to tarsus in the horse that forms the reciprocal apparatus
153
What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the hindlimb?
Stifle locking
Acc
154
What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the hindlimb?
Stifle locking
Accessory ligament (pelvis to femur)
Hock snap joint
Fibrous band in superficial digital flexor (femur-tuber calcis)
Tarsal check ligament (variable)
155
What is the effect of the reciprocal apparatus?
Hock and stifle flex and extend in sync
156
What is the equine stifle locking mechanism?
Medial patellar ligament hooks over medial trochlear ridge of femur
157
What forms the reciprocal apparatus?
Peroneus tertius
Superficial digital flexor
158
What are the ligaments of the fetlock?
Medial + lateral collateral
Suspensory + extensor slips
Medial + lateral sesamoidean
Intersesamoidean
Straight
Oblique
Cruciate
Short
159
What are the ligaments of the equine stifle?
Medial patellar
Middle patellar
Lateral patellar
Medial + lateral collateral
Medial + lateral femaropatellar
160
What are the ligaments of the hip?
Ventral + dorsal sacroiliac
Sacrosciatic
Accessory femoral
Capsular
Round
Transverse acetabular
161
What is the embryonic origin of annulus fibrosus?
Sclerotome
162
Which species don't have a nuchal ligament?
Cat
Pig
163
What is the function of longus colli?
Flex spine
164
What is the function of sublumbar mm?
Flex spine
165
What is the function of rectus abdominis?
Flex spine
166
What is the function of scalenus?
Flex spine
167
What is the function of sternocephalicus?
Flex spine
168
Are the spinal flexor muscles hypaxial or epaxial?
Hypaxial
169
What muscles flex the spine?
Longus colli
Sublumbar mm
Rectus abdominis
Scalenus
Sternocephalicus
170
What is the function of splenius?
Extend spine
171
What is the function of transversospinalus?
Extend spine
172
What is the function of longissimus?
Extend spine
173
What is the function of iliocostalis?
Extend spine
174
Are the muscles that extend the spine hypaxial or epaxial?
Epaxial
175
What muscles extend the spine?
Splenius
Transversospinales
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
176
What is the equine terminal recess?
Tube like structure that collects urine from the poles of the kidneys into the renal pelvis
177
Where does the C1 motor nerve exit?
Lateral foramen of atlas
178
Do cervical nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Cranially
179
Do thoracic nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
180
Do sacral nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
181
Do lumbar nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
182
Do caudal nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
183
What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?
C6-T2
184
What nerve is damaged in sweeney?
Suprascapular
185
Are sweat glands eccrine, apocrine or holocrine?
Apocrine
186
Are sebaceous glands eccrine, apocrine or holocrine?
Holocrine
187
What type of glands rely on secretion via membrane-bound vesicles into the lumen?
Apocrine
188
What type of glands secrete via rupturing cells?
Holocrine
189
What is the differences between anal glands and anal sacs?
'anal glands' are actually paranal sacs, the actual anal glands are in the canal
190
What drains via the right lymphatic duct?
Right head
Right neck
Right forelimb
Right thorax
191
What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
Right jugular vein
192
Describe the course of the thoracic duct
Between aorta and azygos in abdomen
Over left aspect of oesophagus in thorax
193
Where do apocrine glands often discharge?
Hair follicles
194
How do eccrine glands secrete?
Exocytosis
