Steeplechase 4 Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
What connects the ascending colon and descending colon in the dog?
A
Right duodenocolic ligament
2
Q
What connects the ascending duodenum and descending colon?
A
Left duodenocolic ligament
3
Q
What connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?
A
Gastrocolic ligament
4
Q
What connects the descending colon to the spleen?
A
Splenocolic ligament
5
Q
What are the 3 main tributaries to the hepatic portal vein?
A
Common mesenteric vein
Gastroduodenal vein
Gastrosplenic vein
6
Q
What forms the vertebral border of the epiploic foramen?
A
Hepatic portal vein
7
Q
What forms the dorsal border of the epiploic foramen?
A
Vena cava
8
Q
What forms the caudal border of the epiploic foramen?
A
Root of mesentery
9
Q
What forms the cranial border of the epiploic foramen?
A
Liver
10
Q
Why is the epiploic foramen of clinical significance?
A
Epiploic entrapment in horse -> colic surgery
11
Q
What part of the ruminal stomach is most like a carnivore stomach?
A
Abomasum
12
Q
What salivary gland supplies 50% of saliva in ruminants?
A
Parotid
13
Q
What is the muscular structure of the oesophagus?
A
Cranial 2/3 striated, caudal 1/3 smooth (but all striated in dog and ox)
14
Q
What is the pH of ox saliva?
A
8.2
15
Q
What connects the larynx and oesophagus?
A
Crico-oesophageal tendon
16
Q
What is unusual about the cat oesophagus?
A
Caudal 1/3 has distinct ridges of muscular bands
17
Q
Where do you insert a stomach tube?
A
Via the mouth in most species
Via the nose in the horse
18
Q
What is the largest gland in the body?
A
Liver
19
Q
What are the visceral surface impressions of the dog liver?
A
Stomach
Duodenum
Right kidney
20
Q
What are the visceral surface impressions of the pig liver?
A
Stomach
Duodenum
21
Q
What are the visceral surface impressions of the ox liver?
A
Omasum
Reticulum
Right kidney
22
Q
What are the visceral surface impressions of the horse liver?
A
Stomach
Apex of caecum
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right descending colon
Right kidney
23
Q
What species don’t have a gall bladder?
A
Horse
Rat
Alpaca
Deer
Pigeon
Lamprey
Vicuna
Guanacos
24
Q
Where are the anal glands of the dog located?
A
4 and 8 o’clock
25
Can the caecum be palpated in the cat?
Yes, in the mid-abdomen
26
What species has no caecum?
Ferret
27
Which species has the caecum located on the left?
Pig
28
What fills the ventral half of the horse abdomen?
Caecum and colon
29
What are the fermenting zones of the horse?
1) caecum + RVC + LVC
2) RDC
30
What flexure acts as a site of impaction in the horse?
Pelvic flexure
31
What is the only domestic animal with an appendix?
Rabbit
32
Do rabbits have a gallbladder?
Yes
33
What partitions food in the rabbit intestines?
Ampulla caecas coli
34
What is the role of fucus coli?
Forming the two faecal types via different strengths of contraction to form hard pellets or soft caecotrophs
35
How is sharp point formation reduced in horses at grass?
Jaw movements are relatively wide and long which wears the teeth more evenly
36
What are the largest salivary glands in the horse?
Parotid
37
What divides the horse stomach into 2 zones?
Margo plicatus
38
Does the horse have a gallbladder?
No
39
How is bile secreted in the horse?
Continuously, but increases after feeding
40
What side of the equine intestines is most mobile?
Left
41
What is the RDC of the horse adhered to?
Dorsal body wall
Base of caecum
Root of mesentery
42
How many taenia does the horse caecum have?
4
43
How many taenia does the horse RVC have?
4
44
How many taenia does the horse LVC have?
4
45
How many taenia does the horse LDC have?
2 (1 pelvic flexure, 1 rest of LDC)
46
How many taenia does the horse RDC have?
1
47
How many taenia does the horse TC have?
2
48
How many taenia does the horse DC have?
2
49
What attaches the ileum to the caecum?
Ileocaceal fold
50
What side of the ruminant stomach lays against the flank?
Left (parietal)
51
What contacts the left flank of the ox?
Spleen
Stomach
Omentum
52
Where do you put sutures through in the gut?
Submucosa
53
What is the significance of the thoracic inlet?
Site of impaction
54
Where does the oesophagus join the stomach?
Cardiac sphincter
55
What section of gut does the ventral vagus supply?
Only the foregut
56
What section of gut does the dorsal vagus supply?
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
57
What is found in the gut mesentery?
Arteries
Lymph Nodes
Vessels
58
What attaches the liver to the ventral body wall?
Falciform ligament
59
How does the stomach rotate during development?
90 degrees and then 120 degrees
60
What species has a diverticulum?
Pig
61
What is a diverticulum?
Blind ending sac in the pig stomach that aids in fermentation
62
What species has a saccus caecus?
Horse
63
What is the saccus caecus?
Blind ending sac in the horse stomach that aids in fermentation
64
What part of the ruminant stomach has rugae?
Abomasum
65
What divides the rectum and urogenital sinus?
Urorectal septum
66
What is the uteric bud formed from?
Mesonephros
67
What does the uteric bud form?
Ureter
68
What stimulates the development of the metanephros?
Ureter formation
69
What does the mesonephric duct form in males?
Vas deferens
70
What forms the vas deferens in males?
Mesonephric duct
71
What muscle contracts the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
72
What species has capsular veins on its kidneys?
Cat
73
What 5 things do rabbit stomachs generally contain?
Fibre
Food
Fur
Fluid
Faeces (cecotrophs)
74
How does the parasympathetic supply of the stomach enter the abdomen?
Via oesophageal hiatus (dorsal and ventral vagus nerve)
75
What are the symptoms of chronic acidosis?
Laminitis
76
How often should a rabbit's stomach be empty?
Never
77
Which neurons form the cranial cervical ganglion?
C1 - 3
78
Describe the structure of the spleen.
Capsule and muscular trabeculae
Red pulp
White pulp
79
What is acute bovine pulmonary oedema and interstitial emphysema in cattle better known as?
Fog Fever
80
What is the sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?
Caudal mesenteric ganglia
81
What is the end part of the stomach called?
Pylorus
82
How can traumatic reticulitis lead to septic pericarditis?
Dense material falls into reticulum by gravity. Punctuates reticulum wall and diaphragm
83
What are the 6 sacs of lymphatics in the fetus?
x2 jugular sacs
x1 retro peritoneal
x1 cisterna chyli
x2 iliac sacs
84
Name 2 innervations of the genitofemoral nerve
Medial skin of the thigh
Motor of the cremaster muscle in males
85
What does the connective tissue of the liver originate from embryologically?
Mesoderm - from septum transversum of diaphragm
86
Which is the only lymphatic sac of the fetus to persist in adulthood?
Cisterna chyli
87
Why is the liver of the ruminant rotated clockwise and almost lies entirely on the right of the midline?
Due to the rumen
88
Is the spleen located on the left or right of the body?
Left
89
What derives the parietal peritoneum?
Somatic lateral plate mesoderm
90
Which part of the ascending colon of the ruminant carries out absorption?
Ansa spiralis
91
What is the parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?
Pelvic plexus (sacral outflow)
92
What are the metal capsules containing nutrients given to cows called?
Boli
93
Where is the origin of the parasympathetic supply to hindgut viscera?
S1 - S2 (3)
94
In what animals are haemal nodes (mini spleens) particularly found in?
Sheep
Deer
95
In which domestic animal is the quadrate of the liver scalloped?
Horse
96
How is the oesophagus innervated?
Cranially - somatic fibres of vagus
Caudally - parasympathetic fibres of vagus
97
What is the venous drainage of all gut between cardia and distal rectum?
Hepatic portal vein
98
Which lobe of the pancreas is part of the foregut? midgut?
Foregut - right lobe (ventral)
Midgut - left lobe (dorsal)
99
What are the 3 branches of the coeliac artery?
Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Left splenic artery
100
Which part of a ruminants stomach is the master controller of motility?
Reticulum
101
What component of saliva act as anti-foaming agents?
Mucins
102
What are the main 3 paired salivary glands?
Parotids
Submandibulars
Sublinguals
103
What tissue is the horse spleen particularly rich in? why?
Smooth muscle - for blood reserve (athletic horse)
104
Which part of the intestines do most parasites thrive?
Duodenum - more nutrients available
105
What lobe of the liver is between the left and right medial lobes?
Quadrate
106
What 3 things run through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein
107
Which is the only domestic species which has kidneys that are level to each other?
Pig
108
What does the compound stomach develop from?
Gastric spindle
109
Which prevertebral (collateral) ganglion does the sympathetic supply to the foregut synapse at?
Coeliac ganglion
110
How many lobes does a rabbit liver have?
4
111
Is a rabbits caecum sacculated?
Yes
112
What controls the outlet of the ruminant stomach?
Reticulo-omasal orifice
113
Which mesentery of the stomach does the 'epiploon' belong?
Greater omentum
114
What is the rumen pH?
5.5-7
115
How does the cat stomach compare to the dog stomach?
Very similar
Narrower lumen
Less distensible
Extravagent vomiting behaviour
116
What is the sympathetic innervation to the midgut?
Cranial mesenteric ganglia
117
How does the horse liver differ to the canine liver?
No papillary process
Scalloped quadrate
No division of right
No gall bladder
118
Transit through small intestine is rapid and dependent on what?
Particle size
119
What is the oesophageal groove?
A muscular groove running from the oesophageal to the omasal orifice
120
What is the embryological origin of the gut tube?
Endoderm
121
Where can the spleen be found in most vertebrates?
Left of the stomach
122
What is the possible function of a rabbits appendix caeci?
Store of bacteria
123
What is the ileum?
The end of the small intestine
124
Name 3 examples of secondary attachments where organs are directly attached to the dorsal body wall with the mesentery shortened to nothing?
Rumen
Equine stomach
Equine caecum
125
What is the jejunum?
The long majority of the small intestine.
126
In what part of the lesser omentum does the bile duct run from the liver to duodenum?
Free margin
127
Which ligament attaches to the hilus of spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
128
The stomach reaches which rib cranially?
6
129
What derives the gut muscle, visceral peritoneum and myocardium?
Splanchic lateral plate mesoderm
130
What is the second part of the stomach known as?
Fundus
131
Propanolol blocks what type of receptors?
Beta
132
Which species stomach is half keratinised and half glandular?
Horse
133
What are the 2 main functions of saliva?
Lubricant
Buffering
134
What is the function of the omasum?
Absorbtion of water and VFAs
135
How many Peyer's patches are in the entire canine small intestine?
22
136
Which is the only layer of the stomach that is along the lesser curvature?
Middle circular
137
What do pleura membranes derive from?
Lateral plate mesoderm
138
What is the sympathetic innervation of the kidney?
Aorticorenal ganglia
139
What species has terminal recesses in their kidneys?
Horse
140
Describe the arterial supply to within the kidney?
Interlobar aa. -> arcuate aa. -> interlobar aa. -> afferent arterioloes
141
What is the lateral attachment of the bladder?
Lateral vesical ligament = umbilical aa.
142
Which nerve triggers bladder sphincter smooth muscle contraction (alpha 1) and detrusor relaxation (beta 2)?
Hypogastric n. (L1-4) sympathetic
143
What ends up being looped over the ureter in males?
Vas deferens
144
Which part of the developing kidneys do the ureteric buds form on?
Metanephroi
145
Which has a more embryologically developed metanephron: unipyramidal or multipyramidal kidneys?
Unipyramidal
146
What type of tissue is the vermiform appendix of a rabbit rich in?
Lymphoid tissue
147
How many nephrons are in a dog?
1 million
148
What is the origin of the cortex of a kidney?
Intermediate mesoderm
149
Which artery was the fetal umbilical artery?
Cranial vesical artery
150
What are the 4 layers of the ureters?
External loose adventitia
Outer circular muscle (peristaltic)
Inner longitudinal muscle
Urothelium ('transitional' epithelium)
151
Can the stomach of a rabbit be palpated?
Yes
152
Which animals kidney is flattened/rectangular shape?
Pig
153
Which nerve is extremely important for sexual activity, birth, and urinary and faecal continence?
Pudendal
154
What is the renal sinus?
Pelvis + fat + vessels
155
What is the renal parenchyme?
Medulla + cortex
156
Which animals kidney has superficial capsular veins?
Cat
157
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney?
Vagus -> renal plexus
158
What is initially the entry into the bladder from the kidney?
Mesonephric duct
159
What species have unipyramidal kidneys?
Dog
Cat
Horse
Sheep
Rabbit
160
What is a diverticulum of the pelvis of a kidney called?
Calyx
161
What contains the ureteric orifices?
Trigone
162
In which species is the left kidney often on the right?
Ruminants
163
What is the ventral attachment of the bladder?
Ventral/median vesical lig. = ventral mesentery of hindgut
164
What is the insertion of coccygeus?
Transverse processes Cd2-4
165
What is the origin of coccygeus?
Sciatic spine
166
What is the function of coccygeus?
Forms the lateral caudodorsal part of the pelvic diaphragm
167
What shape is the right horse kidney?
Heart shaped
168
What shape is the left horse kidney?
J shaped
169
Which is more cranial, the left or right kidney? (except pigs)
Right
170
Describe the ox/cow kidney
Multilobar
Multipyramidal
No pelvis
171
What do the collecting ducts of the kidney merge into?
Papillary duct
172
What forms the renal corpuscle?
Capillary glomerulus + bowmans capsule
173
When are plain radiographs of kidneys only good?
If the animal is fatty
174
Which animals kidney has an asymmetric shape?
( left -> J, right -> heart)
Horse
175
What 2 ligaments can be found in the region of the female reproductive tract?
Broad ligament
Suspensory ligament
176
What is the fusion of pyramids in a unipyramidal kidney called?
Renal crest
177
Where is the papillary process?
Caudate lobe of the liver
178
Do horses have a papillary process?
No
179
Do pigs have a papillary process?
No
180
Do dogs have a papillary process?
Yes
181
Do ruminants have a papillary process?
Yes
182
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the dog?
Yes
183
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the pig?
No
184
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the horse?
Yes
185
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in ruminants?
Yes
186
Which animals kidney has external lobation?
Ox
187
What is the earliest phase of kidney development?
Pronephros
188
What is the tip of a pyramid in the kidney called?
Papilla/apex
189
What is the "true" hind kidney?
Metanephroi
190
What is the ileocaecal tonsil?
A common site of impaction in a rabbit characterised by the honeycomb appearance of its lymphoid tissue
191
Which kidney is mobile in the cat?
Left
192
Which species has glands in the pelvis of the kidney that secrete mucus?
Horse
193
What is the name of the strap that connects the left kidney to the spleen of a horse?
Nephrosplenic ligament
194
Describe the ligamentar part of the pelvic diaphragm in the ungulate?
Sacrosciatic ligament - broad sheet (with small gaps for the sciatic nerve trunk and internal obturator muscle)
195
Describe the ligamentar part of the pelvic diaphragm in a dog?
Sacrosciatic ligament - simple cord
196
What is the origin of the medulla of a kidney?
Neural crest
197
What is the name of the fat that surrounds the kidney?
Perirenal
198
What are the 3 hypaxial muscles of the dorsal body wall?
Psoas minor (most medial)
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum (most lateral)
199
What is the middle kidney in development?
Mesonephros
200
Which kidney sits in the concavity on the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the heart?
Right
201
Does sympathetic or parasympathetic cause contraction of the bladder?
Parasympathetic
202
Does the spermatic cord pass through the inguinal canal?
Yes
203
What species has a torus pyloricus in their stomachs?
Rabbit
204
Which of the lobes of a rabbits liver is prone to torsion?
Caudate
205
What is a pyramid in a kidney?
A cone of medullary tissue
206
Name the 6 pouches/fossae in the reflections of the peritoneum in the female pelvis.
Left pararectal fossa
Right pararectal fossa
Rectogenital pouch
Vesicogenital pouch
Left pubovesical pouch
Right pubovesical pouch
207
What is the function of levator ani?
Forms the medial caudodorsal part of the pelvic diaphragm
208
What is the origin of levator ani?
Internal aspect of symphysis and ilium shaft
209
What is the insertion of levator ani?
Blends with external and sphincter before inserting on Cd7 haemal arch
210
Describe patent urachus.
Urine drips out over the stump of umbilical cord
Mainly in foals
211
Describe ectopic ureters.
Congenital defect in which the ureters empty urine into another location
212
Is the rabbit ascending colon sacculated?
Yes
213
What forms at the end of a ureteric bud to induce a tubule?
Ampulla
214
Why does rabbit urine often change colour?
Diet
215
What branches form the collecting ducts?
Ureteric buds
